PubMed · 4081103
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A F Monk. 1985. Theoretical note: coordinate systems in visual word recognition.. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748508400922
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To determine the physical size and global three-dimensional (3-D) shape of an object, retinal size and retinal disparity have to be scaled in accordance with the object's distance. We examined whether the distance used for scaling retinal disparity is the same as the distance used for scaling retinal size. Subjects adjusted the 3-D shape (size and depth) of a computer-simulated ellipsoid to match a tennis ball. Analysis of the errors when only the ellipsoid was visible in an otherwise completely dark room suggests that the distance used for scaling retinal disparity is indeed the same as that used for scaling retinal size. This was confirmed by showing that the correspondence between the distance used for scaling retinal disparity and that used for scaling retinal size does not improve when more information about distance is available (room lights on), although both distances are then much closer to the simulated distance. Finally, we show that this correspondence is not due to the use of distance-invariant higher order binocular information.
Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) activities were recorded in preterm infants born at gestational age 32 weeks or less during nasogastric feedings. Six infants on intermittent nasogastric feeding schedules were tested with a pacifier in their mouth for three 5-minute periods (before, during, and after gavage feeding). Analysis of the recordings revealed that NNS activities increased markedly during the intermittent nasogastric feeding schedule. The overall proportions of sucking engagement, the mean duration of sucking burst, the mean number of sucks per burst, and the mean duration of individual sucks within a burst increased markedly during gavage feeding compared with both pre-test and post-test periods. NNS by a group of five infants on continuous nasogastric feedings was similar to the pre-test and post-test of the infants on the intermittent nasogastric feeding schedule. These results indicate that in the context of intermittent nasogastric feedings, NNS engagement in tube-fed infants depends on stomach cues and/or temperature changes associated with tube feedings.
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