PubMed · 4126685
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E Adams. 1973. Dye complexes produced in Gram staining.. https://doi.org/10.3109/10520297309116626
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Textile dye wastewater (TDW) from a reactive azo dyeing process was treated by an electrochemical oxidation method using Ti/Pt as anode and stainless steel 304 as cathode. Due to the strong oxidizing potential of the chemicals produced (chlorine, oxygen, hydroxyl radicals and other oxidants) when the wastewater was passed through the electrolytic cell the organic pollutants were oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. A number of experiments were run in a batch, laboratory-scale, pilot-plant, and the results are reported here according to residence time and initial addition of HCl in raw wastewater. When of 2 ml of HCl 36% were added and after 18 min of electrolysis at 0.89 A/cm(2), chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 86%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD(5)) was reduced by 71%, ADMI color units were reduced by 100%, and TKN was reduced by 35%. The biodegradability of the wastewater was improved because the COD/BOD ratio decreased from 2.16 to 1.52. At the same time the efficiency of the electrode was about 170 g h(-1) A(-1) m(-2). and the mean energy consumption was 21 kW h/kg of COD. These results indicate that this electrolytic method could be used for effective TDW oxidation or as a feasible detoxification and color removal pretreatment stage for biological post treatment.
The present paper describes the development of a method for the quantification of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 (phloxine B) using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The method is simple and fast (1 h for each analysis), generates little solvent waste, and does not involve a solid matrix, thus permitting a more efficient extraction than does a previously developed Soxhlet extraction-GC-MS method. Test portions from 30 batches of US-certified color additives D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 were analyzed for HCB using the new method. Those batches represent domestic (five) and foreign (one) manufacturers that requested certification for the colors during the past four years. All the samples contained HCB, ranging from 0.2 ppm to 244.3 ppm. The analyses revealed significant differences in the levels of HCB across batches from the same manufacturer as well as among different manufacturers. The range of HCB levels found in the analyzed batches (0.2-244.3 ppm) suggest that the contamination with HCB may be decreased by avoiding use of starting material (tetrachlorophthalic anhydride) heavily contaminated with HCB.
The cellular pharmacology of calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein/AM)-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in human tumor cell lines in order to identify tentative mechanisms of action. The activity profile in 10 cell lines with known mechanisms of resistance was compared with the activity profiles of standard drugs and experimental substances. The activity of calcein correlated with that of different topo II inhibitor/intercalating compounds and mitochondrial accumulating compounds, such as Rhodamine 123, Mito Fluor Green and Acridine Orange-10. Using U-937 GTB as a model cell line, calcein was found to distribute throughout the whole cell, nuclei and mitochondria included. In addition, studies of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and extracellular acidification rate showed an almost complete lack of dehydrogenase activity and extracellular acidification at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results indicate that calcein/AM may induce cytotoxicity through interference with both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.