PubMed · 4169621
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J D Knox, A R Laurence, G MacNaughtan, A A Robertson. 1968-01-20. Bacteriology in the surgery.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92748-7
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Health services research conducted over the past 25 years makes a compelling case that having health insurance or using more medical care would improve the health of the uninsured. The literature's broad range of conditions, populations, and methods makes it difficult to derive a precise quantitative estimate of the effect of having health insurance on the uninsured's health. Some mortality studies imply that a 4% to 5% reduction in the uninsured's mortality is a lower bound; other studies suggest that the reductions could be as high as 20% to 25%. Although all of the studies reviewed suffer from methodological flaws of varying degrees, there is substantial qualitative consistency across studies of different medical conditions conducted at different times and using different data sets and statistical methods. Corroborating process studies find that the uninsured receive fewer preventive and diagnostic services, tend to be more severely ill when diagnosed, and receive less therapeutic care. Other literature suggests that improving health status from fair or poor to very good or excellent would increase both work effort and annual earnings by approximately 15% to 20%.
In future interplanetary missions that will take up to two years the role of monitoring of the main human body systems and prevention of the effects of microgravity for the benefit of crew health and performance will rise eminently. In contrast to the orbital flights, diagnostics and prophylaxis will be a responsibility of the doctor within the crew who will consult solely own expertise and judgment. Hence, criteria and requirements to health monitoring and medicare systems and items are to be defined. The paper substantiates a concept and principles of diagnostics and prophylaxis, ideas concerning the scope of associated measures on the way to Mars, during the visit to the planet and on return to Earth; potentiality of a short-arch centrifuge as a means of prophylaxis is also discussed.
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