PubMed · 4189047
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I A Jaffe. 1970-01-31. Ampicillin rashes.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4189047/
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between the time elapsed from the administration of ampicillin prophylaxis to delivery and its efficacy in interrupting intrapartum transmission of group B streptococcus. METHODS: During the 12-month study period, all women who came to the Virgen de las Nieves Hospital (Granada, Spain) for delivery were screened for group B streptococcus vaginal carriage by a pigment-detection culture-based procedure. Colonized women were treated with ampicillin (2 g intravenously), and the interval between ampicillin administration and delivery was recorded. Newborns from colonized mothers also were screened to detect group B streptococcus colonization. RESULTS: During the study period, 4525 women were admitted to the hospital for delivery and screened for group B streptococcus vaginal colonization. Group B streptococcus was detected in 543 women (12%), of whom 454 gave birth vaginally to 454 liveborn infants. Intrapartum ampicillin was given to 201 of these 454 women (44%), and 10% of the newborns from mothers who received intrapartum ampicillin prophylaxis were colonized by group B streptococcus. The relationship between timing of ampicillin administration and rate of neonatal group B streptococcal transmission was as follows: less than 1 hour before delivery, 46%; 1-2 hours, 29%; 2-4 hours, 2.9%; and more than 4 hours, 1.2%. Among the 253 mothers who received no intrapartum prophylaxis, colonization was found in 120 of their newborns (47%). CONCLUSION: When the time between the start of ampicillin prophylaxis and delivery is at least 2 hours, vertical transmission of group B streptococcus is minimized.
Antibiotic-resistant enterococci are being increasingly identified as causal agents of infection. Trovafloxacin is a new fluoronaphthyridone with enhanced activity against gram-positive cocci and variable activity reported against Enterococcus spp. Twenty-one strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and two strains of Enterococcus faecalis (one vancomycin resistant) were studied at an initial inoculum of 10(6) CFU/ml in time-kill assays with trovafloxacin (3 mg/liter), ampicillin-sulbactam (100/50 mg/liter), and the combination. Six strains of E. faecium (five vancomycin resistant) also were studied in an in vitro two-compartment dynamic model that mimics human pharmacokinetics with trovafloxacin simulated at 300 mg every 12 h (q12h), ampicillin-sulbactam at 2/1 g q6h, and the combination. Peripheral compartments were sampled q2h for 30 h for bacterial counts. Trovafloxacin MICs ranged from 0.5 to 32 mg/liter, and the nine strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for which MICs were < or =2 mg/liter were more likely to show a reduction of 2 log units or more in viable counts in time-kill assays than were strains for which MICs were higher. Synergism with ampicillin-sulbactam was found for only one strain (trovafloxacin MIC, 16 mg/liter). Similar results were obtained in the pharmacokinetic model, with 2- to 4-log-unit reductions in viable bacteria for trovafloxacin-susceptible strains. Although no convincing evidence of synergism was found, ampicillin-sulbactam in combination minimized late bacterial regrowth of two trovafloxacin-susceptible strains. These data suggest that this high dose of trovafloxacin (with or without ampicillin-sulbactam) might be useful against strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium for which MICs were < or =2 mg/liter.
Hydrophobic grid membrane filter technology was used to measure resistance among Escherichia coli in pig fecal samples to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The method accurately measured resistance, with sensitivities ranging from 96.5 to 99.5% and specificities ranging from 87.0 to 98.3%, and it identified E. coli with 96% confidence.