Whole Genome Characterization of Klebsiella Strains in European Hedgehogs and Human Nosocomial Settings Identified Shared Sequence Types, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Plasmids.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen associated with healthcare-acquired infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to beta-lactams and carbapenems. Although wild animals are not typically exposed to antibiotics, they can harbour resistant strains. The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is increasingly found in urban areas, where it interacts with humans and livestock. Studies have identified concerning levels of AMR in hedgehogs, including Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam (ESBL) and carbapenems-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. METHODS: This study focuses on Klebsiella spp. isolated in hedgehogs from urban areas, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We compared these isolates with openly available strains isolated from humans in the same region with the objective to have a thorough understanding of ST, AMR gene, and plasmid overlap between human and environmental compartments. RESULTS: High AMR gene levels, including the carbapenemase blaOXA-48, were found in the hedgehog population. Notably, human nosocomial clones, including ST307 and ST392, globally distributed sequence types also found in wildlife, were identified in both hedgehogs and humans. The presence of conjugative plasmids, including IncFIB(K) and IncL1 types, was identified in both hedgehogs and humans, highlighting plasmid dissemination as a significant factor in AMR spread. CONCLUSIONS: Although no direct transmission from wildlife to hospital settings has been conclusively demonstrated, our findings suggest that hedgehogs may play a role in bridging environmental and healthcare environments. The study underscores the need for further investigation into multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. and other resistant bacteria in wildlife to better understand their potential role in the dissemination of resistance genes across ecosystems.