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Efficacy of smartphone- and bibliotherapy-delivered multicomponent lifestyle medicine interventions for probable depression: A three-arm randomized controlled trial.

Chung-Yan Chow·Vincent Wing-Hei Wong·Fiona Yan-Yee Ho
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study examined the efficacy of smartphone- (AG) and bibliotherapy-delivered (BG) lifestyle medicine (LM) interventions compared with a waitlist control group (WLG) in reducing depressive symptoms. METHODS: A total of 122 adults with probable depression were randomized to AG (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;41), BG (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;40), or WLG (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;41). AG and BG received the same core 8-week multicomponent LM intervention via a smartphone application or booklets, respectively. The core content included lifestyle psychoeducation, physical activity, diet and nutrition, stress and sleep management, goal-setting, and motivational techniques. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and immediate post-intervention (Week 9) in all groups, with 1-month (Week 13) and 3-month (Week 21) follow-ups conducted in the intervention groups only. RESULTS: At Week 9, AG (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.89) and BG (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.64) showed significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms than WLG, with within-group improvements maintained at 1- and 3-month follow-ups (ps&#xa0;<.001, d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.77-0.96). Clinically significant improvement was achieved by 78% of AG and 55% of BG participants, both significantly higher than WLG (19.5%; ps&#xa0;<.001). Compared with WLG, both interventions yielded greater improvements in overall lifestyle and physical activity (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.59-0.91) at Week 9. The AG showed additional benefits for perceived stress, health responsibility, nutrition, spiritual growth, and stress management (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.58-0.73), whereas BG uniquely improved insomnia symptoms (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.83). CONCLUSION: Smartphone- and bibliotherapy-delivered LM interventions are efficacious for managing probable depression. Further RCTs comparing them with established treatments are warranted.

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HumansBibliotherapyFemaleSmartphoneLife StyleMaleMiddle AgedDepressionTreatment OutcomeAdultLifestyle medicineRandomized controlled trialSelf-helpJournal ArticleRandomized Controlled Trial

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Chung-Yan Chow, Vincent Wing-Hei Wong, Fiona Yan-Yee Ho. 2026-07-26. Efficacy of smartphone- and bibliotherapy-delivered multicomponent lifestyle medicine interventions for probable depression: A three-arm randomized controlled trial.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2026.122319

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