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Effect of a pharmacist-led mHealth app on adherence, quality of life, and glycaemic control in diabetes: A multicentre RCT.

Mohd Syamir Mohamad Shukeri·Baharudin Ibrahim·Siew Chin Ong·Hasniza Zaman Huri·Rajat Rana·Tooba Malik·Chow Kyn Ng
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Abstract

AIMS: To evaluate whether CareAide&#xae;, a pharmacist-driven mHealth application, improves medication adherence, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus using structural equation modelling. METHODS: Pre-specified secondary analysis of the type 2 diabetes mellitus cohort from a 6-month multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial (N&#xa0;=&#xa0;663) across three Malaysian hospitals. Adherence was assessed by MMAS-8 (subjective) and Proportion of Days Covered (PDC; pharmacy-verified). HRQoL was measured by AQoL-6D and EQ-5D-5&#xa0;L. Structural equation modelling (SEM), Necessary Condition Analysis, and Importance-Performance Map Analysis (cIPMA) were applied. RESULTS: CareAide&#xae; produced large adherence gains (MMAS-8: 7.31 vs 5.55, d&#xa0;=&#xa0;1.64; PDC&#xa0;&#x2265;&#xa0;80%: 81.6% vs 33.0%; both p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). Early 3-month adherence was the strongest predictor of sustained 6-month adherence in both models (&#x3b2; std&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.567 and 0.688; p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). AQoL-6D utility improved significantly (0.669 vs 0.618; d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.353, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001), driven by coping (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.447) and relationships (d&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.254) domains. HRQoL did not mediate adherence; gains were a direct independent benefit. The intervention effect on HbA1c was not statistically significant in the PDC-based SEM model (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;&#xa0;-&#xa0;0.333, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.065); a group difference was, however, supported by baseline-adjusted ANCOVA (&#x3b2;&#xa0;=&#xa0;&#xa0;-&#xa0;0.41%, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.002), and the complete-case comparison was non-significant (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.153), so glycaemic findings warrant cautious interpretation. cIPMA identified the intervention as the primary optimisation target. CONCLUSIONS: CareAide&#xae; significantly improves medication adherence and psychosocial quality of life. Evidence for glycaemic benefit came from baseline-adjusted analysis (ANCOVA), though findings should be interpreted with caution given incomplete HbA1c data at one site. The first three months are the most critical period for pharmacist support. In this dataset, PDC appeared more sensitive than MMAS-8 to the HbA1c signal within 6&#xa0;months, but this finding requires confirmation in longer studies with more complete HbA1c data. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06068309.

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AgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedAdherence InterventionsBlood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Digital HealthGlycated HemoglobinGlycemic ControlHypoglycemic AgentsMalaysiaMedication AdherenceMobile ApplicationsPharmacistsQuality of LifeTelemedicineDiabetes MellitusHealth-Related Quality of LifeMedication adherenceRandomised Controlled TrialStructural Equation ModellingmHealthJournal ArticleMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial

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Mohd Syamir Mohamad Shukeri, Baharudin Ibrahim, Siew Chin Ong, Hasniza Zaman Huri, Rajat Rana, Tooba Malik, Chow Kyn Ng. 2026-08-02. Effect of a pharmacist-led mHealth app on adherence, quality of life, and glycaemic control in diabetes: A multicentre RCT.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113479

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