Pan-cancer multi-omics machine learning defines a lactylation-associated immune-excluded tumor state with proteomic and experimental corroboration.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Histone lactylation links lactate metabolism to chromatin regulation, but whether lactylation-program-associated transcriptional patterns delineate recurrent pan-cancer tumor states remains unclear. METHODS: We integrated mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA profiles from 9712 TCGA tumors across 33 cancer types with GTEx references, six GEO cohorts, IMvigor210, and an institutional clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cohort used for exploratory DIA-NN proteomic corroboration. Random-effects co-expression meta-analysis, multi-omics consensus clustering, regulon inference, immune deconvolution, TIDE, oncoPredict, and SHAP-based machine learning were applied. hsa-miR-431-5p was functionally evaluated as a proof-of-concept CS2-associated miRNA in bladder cancer models. RESULTS: LacCoEx-Atlas comprised 398,491 lactylation-related co-expression pairs across 24,667 RNA features under a random-effects framework (median I² = 88.6%). Consensus clustering identified two subtypes: CS2 showed glycolytic-mesenchymal-immune-excluded features, M2 macrophage enrichment, CD8⁺ T-cell depletion, elevated HDAC4/NSD3/KDM6B activity, and worse survival, whereas CS1 showed oxidative, sirtuin-active programs. CS2 had fewer predicted ICI responders (18.3% vs. 52.0%) and a lower observed ORR in IMvigor210 (15.3% vs. 24.0%). oncoPredict identified NU7441 as a hypothesis-generating CS2-associated sensitivity signal (Hedges' g = 1.17). DIA-NN proteomics in 50 ccRCC specimens provided exploratory support for CS2-associated hypoxia, ECM degradation, and metastasis programs. The 10-feature mRNA LARItools model achieved an apparent AUC of 0.9413, while a separate multi-omics model achieved 0.971; neither was independently validated. LARItools reproduced prognostic separation across six GEO cohorts. miR-431-5p promoted malignant phenotypes and EMT in bladder cancer cells, with concordant CMU4h expression findings. CONCLUSIONS: Lactylation-program-associated transcriptional patterns delineate a recurrent immune-excluded pan-cancer tumor state associated with adverse prognosis, reduced predicted immunotherapy responsiveness, exploratory single-cancer protein-level support, and testable DNA damage response-targeting hypotheses. LacCoEx-Atlas and LARItools provide open resources for lactylation-program-associated tumor-state stratification and future translational research.