Characteristics and assembly mechanisms of tobacco-associated bacteria in typical tobacco-planting regions across China.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Plant-associated microbiota critically modulates host growth and environmental adaptation, yet assembly mechanisms, niche differentiation, and ecological strategies of bacterial communities inhabiting tobacco microhabitats remain poorly elucidated across geographical gradients. METHODS: Here, we systematically characterized bacterial microbiome assembly across five tobacco-associated niches (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, root, stem, and leaf) from seven typical tobacco-planting regions using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, genome annotation, and niche breadth analysis. The independent and interactive effects of geographical location and host compartment on community structure, and further compared genomic traits, functional profiles, and life-history strategies between specialist and generalist bacterial populations were quantified. RESULTS: The results revealed a deterministic soil-plant continuum stratification of bacterial communities and diversity, with progressively simplified communities and decreasing alpha diversity from bulk soil to above-ground tissues, accompanied by progressive dominance of Proteobacteria. Geographical factors predominantly structured soil microbial communities via divergent edaphic properties, while host filtering acted as a universal dominant driver shaping endophytic microbiome assembly. Niche differentiation analysis demonstrated that niche-specialized bacterial ASVs overwhelmingly dominated all microhabitats and geographical sites, whereas generalist taxa only constituted auxiliary populations. Although specialist and generalist microbes exhibited highly conserved core genomic architectures and overall functional repertoires, they displayed distinct niche-specific functional divergence in metabolic pathways, stress resistance, and secondary metabolism across host compartments. Life-history strategy analysis further revealed that Y-strategist represented the core adaptive bacterial population, especially enriched in above-ground tobacco tissues. DISCUSSION: Our study establishes a hierarchical dual-filtering assembly model for tobacco microbiota, clarifies the ecological differentiation and functional adaptation of specialist and generalist bacteria, and provides fundamental insights into the assembly rules and adaptive mechanisms of crop-associated microbiomes for future microbial resource utilization and agricultural microbiome regulation.