PubMed · 4386280
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L E Pierini, J Abulafia, S Wainfeld. 1968. Idiopathic lipogranulomatous hypodermitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4386280/
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Decellularized tissues provide biological cues owing to the wealth of structural and regulatory factors that promote angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and myogenesis and facilitate neurite outgrowth. Here, we demonstrated the advantages of decellularized adipose tissue (adipoECM) over defined collagen-based biomaterials for host tissue integration. Three batches of human adipose tissue were decellularized using a rapid decellularization protocol and analyzed using mass spectrometry. To assess the biological activity of the decellularized materials, adipoECM and a reference standard of care biomaterial (Integra®DRT, also containing collagen I and glycosaminoglycans) were implanted subcutaneously, but far from the wound bed (in anatomical potential spaces) of immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The mice were euthanized in the acute (1 day) and chronic (day 60) inflammatory reaction phases, followed by biomaterial excision and Masson’s trichrome immunohistofluorescence imaging of the paraffin-embedded specimens. Each batch of processed tissue passed a quality control check, showing a low level of donor genomic DNA, lack of nuclei, lipids, endotoxins, and bacterial contamination. Mass spectrometry revealed that all batches of decellularized tissue mainly contained collagen I and, to a lesser degree, collagen III, collagen IV, collagen V, laminin, fibrillin, fibronectin, tenascin, and elastin. No acute inflammatory reaction was observed in either material one day post-transplantation. At 60 days post-implantation, different cell types were detected in adipoECM specimens, whereas Integra®DRT remained acellular. Additional immunohistochemical staining of adipoECM revealed CD31-positive cells in the blood vessels. Mesenchymal (CD90 positive) and myeloid (CD14 positive) cells were also detected. Primary cell types involved in soft tissue healing and remodeling were found in the adipoECM-treated group. The ingrowth of blood vessels and mesenchymal cells confirmed the effective integration of adipoECM with host tissues. Our results demonstrate that decellularized adipose tissue implanted away from the wound bed possesses contextual biological activities that promote efficient integration with host tissues.
The obese gene product, leptin, regulates adiposity. Mice homozygous for a nonfunctional obese gene become massively obese and develop diabetes mellitus due to overeating and increased metabolic efficiency. The cDNA sequence of obese was recently reported (Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., and Friedman, J. L. (1994) Nature 372, 425-432; Correction: (1995 Nature 374, 479). We have determined the genomic organization of the 5' end of the mouse obese gene. The coding sequence is in exons 2 and 3. A single TATA-containing promoter was found upstream of exon 1. A minority (probably approximately 5%) of the obese mRNA contained an extra, untranslated exon between exons 1 and 2. Transcription of the obese gene was detected only in adipose cells. A 762-base pair obese gene promoter driving a luciferase gene yielded abundant activity in transiently transfected rat adipose cells in primary culture. The obese promoter was inactive in erythroid K562 cells. Deletion of bases from -762 downstream to -161 did not affect promoter activity in transfected adipose cells. The -161 minimal promoter contained consensus Sp1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) motifs. Cotransfection with C/EBP alpha (a transcription factor important in adipose cell differentiation) caused 23-fold activation. These data suggest that the obese promoter is a natural target of C/EBP alpha.
Specific alcoholic beverage associations with the waist-to-hip ratio were characterized in 12,145 African-American and white men and women ages 45-64 years. Estimated waist-to-hip ratios of those consuming more than six nonwine alcohol drinks/week and more than six wine drinks/week (vs. nondrinkers) were 0.007 larger (p < 0.001) and 0.009 smaller (p < 0.05), respectively. In similar comparisons, the odds ratios for a large waist-to-hip ratio were 1.4 (95% confidence interval 1.1-1.7) for nonwine and 0.45 (95% confidence interval 0.21-0.95) for wine intake. The opposite direction in adjusted associations for wine and nonwine (mainly beer) drinking supports the popular concept of the "beer belly."