PubMed · 4478679
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S Koshikawa. 1974. [Refractory edema].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4478679/
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Clinical diagnosis is easily established at bedside or in the doctor's cabinet. Four clinical symptoms have to be considered: 1) functional impairment of the left ventricle, 2) intolerance to physical stress, 3) congestion and 4) ventricular arrhythmia (not covered in this paper). History provides the keys for 1, 2 and 3, physical examination for 1 and 3, electrocardiography under exercise for 2 and chest X-ray for 3.