PubMed · 474612
This article discusses the 13-step Köhler method for microscope illumination.
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G L Bohnhoff. 1979. Setting up proper illumination on your microscope.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/474612/
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It is shown that the light intensity from a mercury short arc light bulb can be boosted to about 100 times its steady-state value for a period of about 1 ms by superimposing a current pulse of up to 100 amperes in magnitude and 1-2 ms in duration on a simmer current of 3 amperes. The output spectrum changes in a remarkable way from a line to a broadband distribution. The radiance delivered during a 1-ms pulse is comparable to what can be obtained from a Xe flash bulb. The lack of a high voltage ignition pulse accounts for an extreme reduction of the electrical artifact seen for the pulsed Hg bulb as compared to a Xe flash lamp. Possible applications include the release of caged compounds, high speed imaging, and wavelength ratio-imaging without filter switching.