PubMed · 5005375
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J P Adams. 1971. Upper extremity injuries.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5005375/
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Although, in Europe, snowboarding is a young sport, it has already established itself and, in common with Alpine skiing, is represented in the Olympics. Its biomechanical aspects (technique, shoeboard connection), lead not only to a typical pattern of movements, but also to a snowboard-specific pattern of injuries, which differs from that seen with Alpine skiing. In the case of snowboarding, the upper limbs are appreciably more often involved in injuries than are the lower extremities. The most common injuries are fractures of or close to the wrist. Since many children and adolescents are to be found among snowboarding fans, the percentage of epiphyseal injuries is high. Depending on the style employed-Alpine or freestyle-the risk of lower limb injuries differ in terms of ankles and knee injuries. Through the use of special protective equipment, such as gloves provided with extra protection for wrist and fingers, (possibly also helmets, knee and elbow protectors for beginners), together with improvements in technique in a snowboard school, and the optimisation of the materials used by the industry, the risk of injury can be reduced.
Hand and arm symptoms among workers using impact and non-impact hand-held power tools were investigated in a cross-sectional study and a 5-year follow-up study. The study population consisted of concrete workers (n = 103), truck assemblers (n = 234), electricians (n = 101), platers (n = 140) and lumberjacks (n = 102). Of the original 680 subjects, we followed up 312 after 5 years. A questionnaire concerning ongoing hand and arm symptoms, daily exposure to hand-held power tools, type of tool used, and individual factors was administered. More workers using low-frequency impact tools than workers using non-impact tools reported symptoms in the elbows and shoulders. Elbow symptoms were accentuated in the cross-sectional study, while shoulder symptoms were accentuated in the follow-up study. Wrist symptoms were reported by more of those working with high-frequency impact tools than of those using only non-impact tools when the analyses were controlled for age, years in the occupation and smoking habits. A possible explanation of the results found in this study is that low-frequency impact vibration is transmitted to the upper arm, and thus the elbow and shoulder are at risk, while high-frequency impact vibration is attenuated in the hand and wrist and may predominantly cause symptoms there.
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