PubMed · 5045212
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P Loysen. 1972. Flowmeters.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5045212/
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BACKGROUND: Our aim was to observe ultrasound-induced intravascular microbubble destruction in vivo and to characterize any resultant bioeffects. METHODS AND RESULTS: Intravital microscopy was used to visualize the spinotrapezius muscle in 15 rats during ultrasound delivery. Microbubble destruction during ultrasound exposure caused rupture of < or = 7-microm microvessels (mostly capillaries) and the production of nonviable cells in adjacent tissue. The number of microvessels ruptured and cells damaged correlated linearly (P<0.001) with the amount of ultrasound energy delivered. CONCLUSIONS: Microbubbles can be destroyed by ultrasound, resulting in a bioeffect that could be used for local drug delivery, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling, or for tumor destruction.
The growth of Aspergillus niger and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii on high moisture prunes and raisins in the presence of preservatives and packed under modified atmospheres was determined. Prunes and raisins adjusted to an aw of 0.84-0.87 in the presence of carbon dioxide atmospheres (40 and 80% CO2) did not support growth of A. niger. However, Z. rouxii spoiled the fruit samples, both in air and under CO2 conditions. Addition of low levels of K-sorbate (186 ppm in prunes and 153 ppm in raisins) or Na-benzoate (176ppm in prunes and 158ppm in raisins) delayed outgrowth of Z. rouxii. The inhibitory effect of preservatives was higher in raisins than in prunes. Modified atmospheres (40% CO2-60% N2 or 80% CO2-20% N2) combined with the addition of 417 and 343 ppm K-sorbate or 383 and 321 ppm Na-benzoate accomplished complete growth inhibition of Z. rouxii and extended the shelf-life of high moisture prunes and raisins at 30 degrees C for at least 6 months.
Study of an amorphous phase in plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings is important owing to its unique characteristics and nonnegligible amount of the amorphous phase compared to crystalline HA. However, little is known about the component parts of an amorphous phase. It is known that amorphous phase usually appears as the diffusion maximum (Dmax) in X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Analyzing Dmax, including the position (Pmax) and area of Dmax, we can indicate the component parts of an amorphous phase and their transitions. In this study, the variation of Dmax in XRD patterns of the coatings during plasma spraying, in postheating, and in dissolving in vitro was studied with the aid of XRD. It was found that component parts of the amorphous phase in the coating varied with increasing thickness, consisting of two part represented by Dmax1, located between 29.4 and 29.8 degrees (2 theta), and Dmax2, located between 31.0 and 31.4 degrees (2 theta). It was concluded that Dmax3, located between 32.0 and 32.4 degrees (2 theta), should be referred to as nanocrystals of HA. In addition, the particle size of the starting powder may affect the component parts of the amorphous phase in the coating in addition to thickness. With vacuum heating (650 degrees C) and water vapor treatment at a low temperature (125 degrees C) in a saturated vaporic atmosphere, transition of the amorphous components was not as efficient as that at 490 degrees C with water vapor. The reason might be that the amorphous-to-crystalline HA conversion is dependent on both temperature and water vapor pressure. It was found that amorphous components were transformed completely into crystalline HA after heating at 490 degrees C with a partial water vapor pressure of 0.01 MPa for 2 h. It was concluded that the unstable amorphous components (Dmax1, Dmax2) converted into more stable nanocrystals of HA (Dmax3). Degradation in vitro showed that Dmax3 was more stable than Dmax1 and Dmax2. It was concluded that nucleation of apatite in vitro should be attributed to nanocrystals of HA (Dmax3) except for the amorphous components. It is recommended that the optimal phasic contents of the plasma-sprayed HA coating be mainly composed of crystalline HA and nanocrystals of HA (Dmax3) in terms of the stability and biocompatibility of the coating.