PubMed · 5066887
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R D Sautter, W O Myers, B R Lawton. 1972-02-28. Experience with vena caval filter migration.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5066887/
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The effect of different coagulants on cake formation and hydraulic resistance in membrane filtration of strongly coloured (SUVA> or =4.8) upland surface water has been studied at bench-scale under constant pressure conditions. Coagulants used were aluminium sulphate, polyaluminium chloride, ferric chloride and ferric sulphate. Optimisation of coagulation parameters was carried by conventional jar testing. The R'c (specific cake resistance in m(-2)) values were determined for all coagulants over a range of coagulant doses and slow mixing flocculation periods. Experiments indicated slight differences in cake formation trends between ferric- and aluminium-based coagulants and chloride and sulphate counterions, but that the range of measured R'c values was small (0.9 and 2.6 x 10(18) m(-2)) over the range of doses studied. Greater than 99% UV(254) removal was achieved with every coagulant, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal ranged from 78% to 88%. Optimisation of the pre-coagulation-membrane filtration process suggests ferric chloride to be slightly superior for the feedwater matrix studied on the basis of DOC removal, whereas ferric sulphate gave slightly lower filter cake specific resistance values.
A technique has been developed for the measurement of 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra, and unsupported 2t2Pb concurrently in a single analysis. The procedure can be applied to both drinking water and wastewater, including the dissolved and suspended fractions of a sample. For drinking water samples, using 3-L aliquots, the radium isotopes are isolated by a fast PbSO4 co-precipitation and then quantified by gamma-ray spectroscopy. The radium isotopes 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra are measured through their gamma-ray-emitting decay products, 212Pb, 214Pb (and/or 214Bi), and 228Ac, respectively. Because of the short half-life of 224Ra (T1/2 = 3.66 d), the precipitate should be counted within 4 d of the sample collection date. In case the measurement of unsupported 212Pb (T1/2 = 10.64 h) is required, the gamma-ray analysis should be initiated as soon as possible, preferably on the same day of collection. The counting is repeated after about 21 d to ensure the 226Ra progeny are in equilibrium with their parent. At this point, the 228Ac equilibration with its 228Ra parent is already established. In the case of samples containing suspended materials, an aliquot of sample is filtered and then the filtrate is treated as described above for drinking water samples. The suspended fraction of sample, collected on the filter, is directly analyzed by gamma-ray spectroscopy with no further chemical separation. Aliquots of de-ionized water spiked with various radium standards were analyzed to check the accuracy and precision of the method. In addition, analysis results of actual samples using this method were compared with the ones performed using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved procedures, and the measured values were in close agreement. This method simplifies the analytical procedures and reduces the labor while achieving the precision, accuracy, and minimum detection concentration requirements of EPA's Regulations.
A new immunofiltration assay for testosterone is proposed. During the first step of the assay, testosterone molecules in serum samples compete in solution with the testosterone-peroxidase conjugate for interaction with anti-testosterone antibodies pre-bound to the conjugate between staphylococcal protein A and polymethacrylate polyanion. The reaction mixture is then filtered through a membrane charged with immobilized poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium) polycation. The filtration is accompanied by a rapid separation of the polyanion containing complexes due to high-affinity electrostatic interactions. Following removal of unbound compounds the immobilized peroxidase is detected using a substrate that produces an insoluble coloured product. The proposed assay has been shown to combine high speed (20 min) and sensitivity (0.1 ng ml(-1)), and to be applicable for out-of-laboratory conditions. Based on densitometric measurements, the RSD of the assay is calculated to be 3.2-5.1% (n = 4). The proposed assay is 4 times faster than the microplate enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) based on the same immunoreagents. Pre-incubation of the antibody and the polyanion-protein A conjugate at a certain ratio excludes the influence of immunoglobulins from the tested serum samples on the assay results. The polyanion-protein A conjugate can be used as a universal reagent, eliminating the necessity to modify specific antibodies for each immunoassay.