PubMed · 5071913
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N Frost. 1972. Encoding and retrieval in visual memory tasks.. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033636
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With a horizontal magnifier before one eye, a frontoparallel surface appears rotated about a vertical axis (geometric effect). With a vertical magnifier, apparent rotation is opposite in direction (induced effect); to restore appearance of frontoparallelism, the surface must be rotated away from the magnified eye. The induced effect is interesting because it was thought until recently that vertical disparities do not play an important role in surface perception. As with the geometric effect, the required rotation for the induced effect increases linearly to approximately equal to 4% magnification; unlike the geometric effect, it plateaus at approximately 8%. Current theory explains the linear portion: vertical size ratios (VSRs) are used to compensate for changes in horizontal size ratios (HSRs) that accompany eccentric gaze, so changes in VSR cause changes in perceived slant. The theory does not explain the plateau. We demonstrate that it results from differing slant estimates obtained by use of various retinal and extra-retinal signals. When perspective cues to slant are minimized or sensed eye position is consistent with VSR, the induced and geometric effects have similar magnitudes even at large magnifications.
Lexical access in speaking consists of two major steps: lemma retrieval and word-form encoding. In Roelofs (Roelofs, A. 1992a. Cognition 42. 107-142; Roelofs. A. 1993. Cognition 47, 59-87.), I described a model of lemma retrieval. The present paper extends this work by presenting a comprehensive model of the second access step, word-form encoding. The model is called WEAVER (Word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification). Unlike other models of word-form generation, WEAVER is able to provide accounts of response time data, particularly from the picture-word interference paradigm and the implicit priming paradigm. Its key features are (1) retrieval by spreading activation, (2) verification of activated information by a production rule, (3) a rightward incremental construction of phonological representations using a principle of active syllabification, syllables are constructed on the fly rather than stored with lexical items, (4) active competitive selection of syllabic motor programs using a mathematical formalism that generates response times and (5) the association of phonological speech errors with the selection of syllabic motor programs due to the failure of verification.
To determine the physical size and global three-dimensional (3-D) shape of an object, retinal size and retinal disparity have to be scaled in accordance with the object's distance. We examined whether the distance used for scaling retinal disparity is the same as the distance used for scaling retinal size. Subjects adjusted the 3-D shape (size and depth) of a computer-simulated ellipsoid to match a tennis ball. Analysis of the errors when only the ellipsoid was visible in an otherwise completely dark room suggests that the distance used for scaling retinal disparity is indeed the same as that used for scaling retinal size. This was confirmed by showing that the correspondence between the distance used for scaling retinal disparity and that used for scaling retinal size does not improve when more information about distance is available (room lights on), although both distances are then much closer to the simulated distance. Finally, we show that this correspondence is not due to the use of distance-invariant higher order binocular information.