PubMed · 5103015
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J Porath. 1971. [Recently developed fractionation methods].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5103015/
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This study examined the influence of insulin and glucose on the transcapillary fluid absorption during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in humans. Ten healthy males [23 (1) years] were exposed to LBNP of 45 cmH(2)O on two occasions: (1) before and during a hyperinsulinaemic clamp (HI) and (2) before and during a hyperglycaemic clamp (HG). Transcapillary fluid absorption and blood flow were recorded with volumetric technique. Forearm blood flow increased during HI from 2.3 (0.3) ml (100 ml)(-1) min(-1) to 3.3 (0.5) ml (100 ml)(-1) min(-1) ( P<0.05). The haemodynamic response to LBNP was similar during HI and HG compared with control LBNP. Transcapillary fluid absorption during LBNP increased during HG from 0.044 (0.007) ml (100 ml)(-1) min(-1) to 0.059 (0.009) ml (100 ml)(-1) min(-1 )( P<0.01), whereas it was unchanged during HI. In conclusion, hyperglycaemia augments transcapillary fluid absorption from skeletal muscle and skin during LBNP whereas hyperinsulinaemia has no such effect. This indicates that in human hyperglycaemia contributes to plasma volume restitution during hypovolaemic circulatory stress.
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.4.) is the enzyme responsible for the rapid degradation of lipid-derived chemical messengers such as anandamide, oleamide, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. The pharmacological characterization of this enzyme in vivo has been hampered by the lack of selective and bioavailable inhibitors. We have developed a simple, radioactive, high-throughput-compatible assay for this enzyme based on the differential absorption of the substrate and its products to activated charcoal. The assay was validated using known inhibitors. It may be applied for the identification of new inhibitors from a compound library.
Xylene is a clear, colorless liquid used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and is commonly found in paint thinners, paints, varnishes, and adhesives. Although humans are most likely to be exposed to xylene via inhalation, xylene is also found in well and surface water. Therefore, an assessment of the dermal contribution to total xylene uptake is useful for understanding human exposures. To evaluate the significance of these exposures, the dermal absorption of o-xylene was assessed in F344 male rats and human volunteers using a combination of real-time exhaled breath analysis and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Animals were exposed to o-xylene dermally. Immediately following the initiation of exposure, individual animals were placed in a glass off-gassing chamber and exhaled breath was monitored. Human volunteers participating in the study placed both legs into a stainless steel hydrotherapy tub containing an initial concentration of approximately 500 microg/L o-xylene. Exhaled breath was continually analyzed from each volunteer before, during, and after exposure to track absorption and subsequent elimination of the compound in real time. In both animal and human studies, a PBPK model was used to estimate the dermal permeability coefficient (K(p)) to describe each set of exhaled breath data. Rat skin was found to be approximately 12 times more permeable to aqueous o-xylene than human skin. The estimated human and rat aqueous o-xylene K(p) values were 0.005 +/- 0.001 cm/h and 0.058 +/- 0.009 cm/h, respectively.