PubMed · 5118355
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M F Cottrall, D M Taylor, K Unnikrishnan. 1971. Absorbed-dose calculations.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5118355/
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The timing of sample collections for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure profoundly affects the resulting data. Sampling time with respect to the day in the working week and the end of exposure is crucial for measurements of rapidly excreted indicators of exposure. Owing to the cumulation of slowly excreted exposure indicators, timing of sample collection with respect to the duration of employment is essential. The steady state is established within a week, if the exposure indicator is excreted rapidly (with a half-life shorter than 45 h), or within months or years, if it is excreted slowly. In this study, exposure indicators are characterized by the elimination half-life. A monocompartmental model is used to calculate the biological levels at steady state and the duration of occupational exposure needed to reach the apparent steady state.
PURPOSE: The authors quantitate the rate of visual field loss in patients with retinitis pigmentosa as it relates to different clinical field phenotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Goldmann visual fields were obtained with target V4e in 77 patients and with target II4e in 71 patients who had either isolated or various genetic types of retinitis pigmentosa and who met certain entrance criteria. The visual fields were categorized into five distinct clinical field phenotypes on the basis of their pattern of field loss. Mixed-model methods for the analysis of longitudinal data were used to model the natural logarithm of the visual field area as a function of patient age and clinical field phenotype. The average half-life (time over which half of the remaining field area would be lost) of the visual field area for each phenotype was computed from the results of this analysis. Visual field data were not analyzed for patients with a normal clinical field phenotype (type 1). RESULTS: Independent of the field phenotype, average half-life values were 7.3 years for target V4e and 6.8 years for target II4e, which were not statistically different (P = 0.16). Visual fields with partial or complete midperipheral ring scotomas (type 2) and those with only a residual central field (type 4) had a half-life of 9.5 and 9.4 years, respectively, for target V4e, and 8.9 and 8.0 years, respectively, for target II4e. Patients with partial peripheral restriction (type 5) lost visual fields with a half-life of 9.5 years for target V4e and 7.3 years for target II4e. None of these differences in the half-lives between the different phenotypes were statistically significant for either targets V4e or II4e. Fields with a residual central area and remaining temporal and/or nasal islands (type 3) had a half-life of 4.8 years for target V4e and 6.0 years for target II4e. The differences in half-lives between type 3 and each of the other field phenotypes were statistically significant for the V4e target, but not for the II4e target. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be useful for counseling patients with retinitis pigmentosa and various visual field phenotypes as to their potential rate of visual field loss.
The general collection efficiency has been measured in liquid isooctane (C8H18) and tetramethylsilane (Si(CH3)4) used as the sensitive media in a parallel-plate ionization chamber, with an electrode distance of 1 mm, intended for photon and electron dosimetry applications. The liquid ionization chamber was irradiated at different dose rates by 140 keV photons from the decay of radioactive 99mTc. The measurements were made at potential differences of 50, 100, 200 and 500 V. Measurements were performed for each liquid and electric field strength, with the decay rate of 99mTc used as the dose-rate reference. The maximum dose rate was about 150 mGy min-1 in each experiment. When the measured general collection efficiency values are compared with the theoretical predictions for collection efficiency in gases, it is found that the latter also describe the general collection efficiency in the two liquids within 1% of the saturation current for collection efficiencies down to 60% when using experimentally determined recombination rate constants and on mobilities characteristic of each of the liquids.