PubMed · 5173872
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R E Burgess. 1965. Fluids and electrolytes.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5173872/
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Most of the energy deposited in cells by ionizing radiation is channeled into the production of abundant free secondary electrons with ballistic energies between 1 and 20 electron volts. Here it is shown that reactions of such electrons, even at energies well below ionization thresholds, induce substantial yields of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA, which are caused by rapid decays of transient molecular resonances localized on the DNA's basic components. This finding presents a fundamental challenge to the traditional notion that genotoxic damage by secondary electrons can only occur at energies above the onset of ionization, or upon solvation when they become a slowly reacting chemical species.
Recently, we synthesized superporous hydrogels which swell fast with high swelling ratios for development of gastric retention devices. Due to their superabsorbent nature, superporous hydrogels are too mechanically weak for gastric retention application. The mechanical strength of superporous hydrogels was substantially increased by making superporous hydrogel composites. The composite materials used were hydrophilic particulate materials commonly used as disintegrants in pharmaceutical tablets. In this study, Ac-Di-Sol was used as a model composite material. Addition of Ac-Di-Sol resulted in significant improvement in the properties of superporous hydrogels. The dried superporous hydrogels maintained interconnected channels even after drying in the air. Thus, the swelling kinetics and the swelling ratio were not affected by air drying, which normally would have resulted in partial or total collapse of the interconnected pores. The presence of Ac-Di-Sol also increased the mechanical strength substantially. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed that the composite material increased the physical crosslinking density which provided high mechanical strength and prevented polymer chains from collapsing during air drying. The superporous hydrogel composites possess properties suitable for gastric retention.