PubMed · 5187023
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D J Gregory. 1968-07-19. Problems connected with illegitimacy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5187023/
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OBJECTIVE: This study assesses whether day care is a significant risk variable for otitis media in children younger than 2 years in the United States after controlling for the number of children in the day care group. DESIGN: The computerized data source used is the 1988 Child Health Supplement (N = 17,110) of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS-CH). SETTING: The NHIS-CH data is a multistage probability sample with clustering and stratification. It represents the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. PARTICIPANTS: The NHIS-CH sample consists of one randomly selected child from each NHIS household containing a child younger than 18 years. The overall response rate for the NHIS-CH was approximately 90%. For this analysis the focus is on children younger than 2 years (N = 2294). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The NHIS-CH includes a direct questioning of an adult member of the household, usually the mother, about whether the child has ever had frequent or repeated ear infections. RESULTS: After controlling for the total size of the day care group for children younger than 12 months, the previously established relationship between attending a day care center and frequent ear infections is reduced from an odds ratio of 3.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.50 to 6.71) to an odds ratio of 1.34 (not significant; p = 0.60). CONCLUSION: The total size of the day care group is an important intervening variable in the relationship between attending day care and frequent ear infections for children younger than 12 months. The size of the day care group rather than the day care per se is the primary "modifiable risk variable" for many working parents.
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A mailed questionnaire survey was conducted on a population of 123 mothers of twins and 96 mothers of triplets to study problems in the families and maternal fatigue symptoms. The following results were obtained. 1) The prevalence rate of handicap was 9.7 per 100 for triplets, and 4.9 per 100 for twins. The risk of handicap in triplet pregnancy was approximately 25%, and in twin pregnancy was approximately 10%. Therefore 1 in 4 mothers with triplets and 1 in 10 mothers with twins had one and more handicapped children. 2) Mothers with triplets aged 0-11 months reported significantly poorer sleep quality than mothers with triplets aged one year or more with shorter sleeping time, greater frequency of awakening during the night, and more complaints of inadequate sleep. Mothers with twins aged 0-11 months showed a greater tendency for poor sleep quality than mothers with twins aged one year or more. 3) Approximately 70% of mothers with twins and triplets aged up to two reported lack of time to care for the other children. When the age of twin was 3 or more, lack of time to take care of other children was reported by only 13.3% of mothers, while it was 41.7% for mothers with triplets. 4) Mothers of twins and triplets who did not receive assistance from others for childcare reported severe physical fatigue, compared to mothers who received assistance from others. Mothers of twins and triplets aged 3 or more showed a tendency of less physical fatigue, compared to mothers of twins and triplets aged up to two.