PubMed · 5248364
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C A DiFazio, P Y Chen. A modified EHN spirometer for oxygen consumption.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-196811000-00024
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OBJECTIVE: To describe dogs undergoing cesarean section in the United States and Canada, to determine perioperative management, and to calculate survival proportions. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective case series. ANIMALS: 3,908 puppies from 808 dams. RESULTS: Survival rates immediately, 2 hours, and 7 days after delivery were 92, 87, and 80%, respectively, for puppies delivered by cesarean section (n = 3,410) and 86, 83, and 75%, respectively, for puppies born naturally (498). For 614 of 807 (76%) litters, all puppies delivered by cesarean section were born alive. Maternal mortality rate was 1% (n = 9). Of 776 surgeries, 453 (58%) were done on an emergency basis. The most common breeds of dogs that underwent emergency surgery were Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Boxer, Corgis, and Chihuahua. The most common breeds of dogs that underwent elective surgery were Bulldog, Labrador Retriever, Mastiff, Golden Retriever, and Yorkshire Terrier. The most common methods of inducing and maintaining anesthesia were administration of isoflurane for induction and maintenance (n = 266; 34%) and administration of propofol for induction followed by administration of isoflurane for maintenance (237; 30%). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Mortality rates of dams and puppies undergoing cesarean section in the United States and Canada are low. Knowledge of mortality rates should be useful to veterinarians when advising clients on the likelihood of puppy and dam survival associated with cesarean section.
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1. Male cats were anaesthetized with alphaxalone-alphadolone and breathed spontaneously following tracheotomy, Using coloured microspheres, muscle blood flow was measured at rest and during two periods of contraction elicited by simultaneous stimulation of the left sciatic and femoral nerves at 3 Hz for 10 min. In one group, the hindlimb blood flow was allowed to increase during muscle contraction and in another group the perfusion of the hindlimb was limited by a stenosis on the left external iliac artery. 2. In the absence of flow restriction, soleus muscle blood flow increased from 18.9 +/- 3.8 to 30.4 +/- 3.3 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1 (n = 6; P < 0.02) and gastrocnemius muscle blood flow increased from 24.8 +/- 5.9 to 61.6 +/- 12.8 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1 (n = 6; P < 0.01) during contraction. The bradykinin (BK) antagonists HOE 140 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) did not affect the response in either the soleus (37.7 +/- 7.3 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1; n = 6; n.s.) or the gastrocnemius (62.9 +/- 7.9 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1; n = 6; n.s.) muscles. 3. In the stenosis group, soleus muscle blood flow increased from 9.8 +/- 2.3 to 22.9 +/- 4.9 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1 (n = 6; P < 0.01) and gastrocnemius muscle blood flow increased from 15.8 +/ 3.4 to 36.4 +/- 5.5 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1 (n = 6; P < 0.01) during contraction. Following administration of HOE 140, functional hyperaemia in the soleus muscle was unaffected (blood flow, 17.8 +/- 2.2 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1, n = 6; n.s.) white blood flow in the gastrocnemius muscle was reduced to 21.8 +/- 6.0 ml min-1 (100 g tissue)-1 (n = 6; P < 0.05). 4. The results show that BK does not contribute ot functional hyperaemia associated with twitch contraction at 3 Hz when blood flow is unrestricted, but may contribute up to 40% of the vasodilation of predominantly glycolytic muscle groups such as the gastrocnemius when flow is restricted. BK plays no role in hyperaemia associated with twitch contraction of oxidative muscle groups such as the soleus.