PubMed · 5280745
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J A Malloch. 1971. The pill.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5280745/
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The risk factors for venous thrombosis differ from those for arterial vascular disease. During the past 5 years, knowledge about the aetiology of venous thrombosis has advanced with the discovery of several factors that contribute to the incidence of thrombosis, particularly the role of coagulation abnormalities. These abnormalities are common in the general population and therefore will be present simultaneously in some individuals. The resultant gene-gene and gene-environment interactions between risk factors are the key to the understanding of why a certain person develops thrombosis at a specific point in time.
OBJECTIVE: The object of the study was to determine the effects of oral contraceptives on blood coagulation, in particular on the protein C pathway. STUDY DESIGN: Plasma samples from healthy men, from healthy female users and nonusers of oral contraceptives, and from heterozygous and homozygous male and female carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation (some of whom used oral contraceptives) were tested for their sensitivity to activated protein C by means of a new activated protein C resistance test developed in our laboratory. This assay is based on measurement of the effect of activated protein C on the endogenous thrombin potential, the time integral of thrombin generation initiated in plasma through the extrinsic coagulation pathway. RESULTS: The normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio ([ETP+APC/ETP-APC]plasma/[ETP+APC/ETP-APC]normal plasma, where ETP is endogenous thrombin potential, +APC is with activated protein C, and -APC is without activated protein C) of men was lower than that of healthy female nonusers of oral contraceptives. The normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio of the users of oral contraceptives was significantly higher than that of nonusers of oral contraceptives. The normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio of women who were using oral contraceptives with third-generation progestogens was higher than that of users of oral contraceptives with second-generation progestogens. Furthermore, the normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio of 80% of the users of third-generation preparations fell within the 5th to 95th percentile of the normalized activated protein C sensitivity ratio of female carriers of factor V Leiden, a mutation that is associated with hereditary resistance to activated protein C and with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSION: Acquired activated protein C resistance may explain the increased risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives reported in epidemiologic studies and the higher risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives with third- versus second-generation progestogens.
In this article, recent literature is reviewed with regard to possible hormonal influences on susceptibility to melanoma and prognosis once melanoma is developed. At the present time, there is little data to suggest that melanoma and pregnancy interact as far as prognosis is concerned for patients with stage 1 and stage 2 disease. Recent data have provided further reassurance that oral contraceptives are safe for patients who have had melanoma, and more data is required before a definitive statement can be made regarding hormone replacement therapy for women who have had stage 1 or 2 melanoma adequately treated.