PubMed · 545305
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B Escoubet, A M Dosne. 1979. [Endothelium - structure and function].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/545305/
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Catheter intravascular imaging is currently used as an adjunct to contrast angiography and angioscopy in peripheral and coronary arteries. At present the smallest catheters are 3.0 F (1.0 mm). Frequencies used are from 10 to 40 Mz, which allow high resolution imaging of structures close to the transducer. Mechanical and phased array systems are used, introduced either on the wire or through fine plastic catheter. More recent is the monorail system improving the flexibility and tracking of the mechanical systems. The review presents current status of catheters and diagnostic possibilities. Normal arteries have typical three layered appearance (intima, media, adventitia). Ultrasound can be reliably used to distinguish abnormal vascular segments. Atherosclerotic plaques can be subclassified on the basis of plaque composition. Thrombus is characterized by granular appearance with varying sonographic gray levels. Dissection and intimal flaps are also visualized by intravascular ultrasound. Potential utility of intravascular ultrasound in the assessment of endovascular interventions and its limitations are discussed.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, renal failure, and aortic aneurysms. It is also a potent promoter of atherosclerosis. Observational studies have shown a linear relationship between a wide range of blood pressures and the risk for CAD and stroke. Clinical trials have indicated that hypertension reduction leads to the predicted reduction in stroke incidence, but that CAD incidence is affected to a lesser extent than predicted. The modest effect of traditional antihypertensive drugs on CAD may be due to several factors, including failure to reverse well-established coronary atherosclerosis, particularly if multiple risk factors are not reduced as well. Metabolic side effects of antihypertensive drugs or excessive lowering of blood pressure leading to inadequate myocardial perfusion, especially in patients with increased left ventricular (LV) mass, also may play important roles. Hypertension is a major cause of renal failure, particularly in black males, but control of the hypertension does not necessarily prevent deterioration of renal function. Increased glomerular pressure is thought to play a causative role in the development of renal failure in hypertensive and diabetic patients. Antihypertensive drugs may have a direct effect on the arterial wall, which may be independent of their antihypertensive action. Beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium antagonists, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors inhibit the development of vascular lesions in response to hypercholesterolemia or to iatrogenic balloon injury, but the clinical importance of these observations remains to be determined.
A new method was developed to display MR angiographic images. Nine MR angiographic images rotated along the cranio-caudal axis with ten incremental degree were constructed. These images were printed from left-anterior-oblique view to give a stereoscopic effect. With the stereoscopic viewing of these images, multiple stereoscopic images with different viewing directions were observed at once. Anatomical relationships of the vessels were more clearly understood than usual stereoscopic viewing. This multi-directional stereo viewing method is useful to display not only the MR angiographic images but also other multi-viewing techniques.