PubMed · 5495911
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J A Alsop. 1970-12-17. Augmentation mammaplasty.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5495911/
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Our experiments were designed to test the cooperativity between the polyamine pathway and HER-2neu in inducing transformation of human mammary epithelial cells in culture. Using the MCF-10A breast epithelial cell line, we observed that induction of overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) (the first rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis) markedly potentiated the anchorage-independent growth stimulating effect of the beta2 isoform of neu differentiating factor (NDF) known to activate HER-2neu in MCF-10A cells. ODC overexpression, on the other hand, did not enhance growth in liquid culture, thus pointing to a specific effect on transformation rather than proliferation. ODC-overexpressing MCF-10A cells exhibited increased MAPK phosphorylation in response to administration of NDF and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, the phosphorylation of the members of the stress-activated protein kinase cascade p38 and SEK were not affected by ODC overexpression. Of note, in the absence of EGF and NDF, ODC overexpression failed to induce both clonogenicity and MAPK activation. These results suggest that increased polyamine biosynthetic activity critically interacts with HER-2neu in promoting human mammary cell transformation in culture and that the MAPK cascade is an important mediator of this interaction. If confirmed in future in vivo studies, our results may identify important new targets for the chemoprevention of human breast cancer.
PURPOSE: To accurately measure the dose received by the breast during mantle radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A phantom containing lung-equivalent material was used to measure the doses received by the breast during mantle radiotherapy given by anterior and posterior opposing fields. These were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters and compared with point dose calculations obtained by computer planning. RESULTS: Most of the breast lies under the lung shields or inferior to the mantle field, but the upper outer quadrant of the breast remains unshielded. In the unshielded areas of the breast, the average dose measured was nearly 13% higher than the dose prescribed at the central axis. In the shielded parts of the breast, the average measured dose was nearly 10% of the dose prescribed at the central axes, decreasing from 18% superiorly to 4% inferiorly. The posterior field contributed 45% to the dose in the breast, even though doses were prescribed at the midplane. The computer calculations systematically varied from measured doses by up to 35%, becoming less accurate towards the inferior edge of the field. CONCLUSIONS: In a conventional course of mantle radiotherapy (for example, 36 Gy in 20 fractions), most of the breast is shielded but will receive a dose of 3-4 Gy, higher than expected largely due to internally scattered radiation passing through the lungs from the posterior field. Computer dose calculations may poorly reflect actual off-axis doses in large fields with complex shielding, containing inhomogeneous tissue.