PubMed · 5507199
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C Feiring, J H Korn, J Sicé. 1970-10-30. A base for predicting success.. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3957.491-b
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BACKGROUND: Although previous research has delineated medical, cognitive, and neuropsychologic late effects of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), it has been difficult to draw conclusions about the long term psychosocial sequelae of these treatments due to methodologic problems that led to inconclusive results in past studies. In the current study, the authors examined the long term psychosocial functioning of childhood ALL survivors who had been treated on a Phase III clinical protocol (Cancer and Leukemia Group B [CALGB] 7611) between 1976 and 1979, in which they were randomized to receive either 2400 centigray of cranial radiation (CRT) with intrathecal methotrexate (IT-MTX) or intermediate dose systemic methotrexate (IV-MTX) with IT-MTX. METHODS: One hundred ten survivors of childhood ALL (mean age, 20.8 years) treated on CALGB 7611 who were age 14 years or older and disease free for at least 1 year were studied a mean of 14.7 years after their entry on CALGB 7611. In a telephone interview, a psychosocial assessment battery was administered to the patients, consisting of measures that assessed psychologic, sexual, social, and vocational functioning as well as any delayed physical effects. RESULTS: Survivors who had received CRT + IT-MTX had significantly poorer academic achievement (P = 0.0001), poorer self-images with regard to their bodies (P = 0.001), and greater psychologic distress (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Cranial radiation used to treat children with ALL has significant long term sequelae in terms of poorer academic achievement and psychosocial functioning. These data add weight to the conclusion that CRT prophylaxis should only be used to treat children who are at high risk of CNS relapse.
Data from a sample of 673 Chinese adolescents lent support to the hypothesis that conceptions of success or achievement goals affect both the inclination to and the actual performance of prosocial acts. With regard to attitude, it was found that: (a) task orientation (belief that success is gaining skill or understanding) and collaboration orientation (belief that success is working productively with one or more collaborators) increased with the inclination to help others, to co-operate and share things with others, to maintain an affective relationship with others, and to behave in compliance with social norms; and (b) ego orientation (belief that success is establishing one's competence as superior) was not generally associated with the inclination to perform prosocial acts. With regard to action, it was found that task orientation and collaboration orientation, but not ego orientation, increased with the number of normative and altruistic acts in the past year. The similarity between the belief-attitude correlation and the belief-action correlation indicates the robustness of the influence of conceptions of success. Also, sex differences and grade differences in the relationship between conceptions of success and prosocial and antisocial behaviours were found. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Health, nutrition and behavioural determinants of school achievement, attendance and dropout were examined in 452 girls aged 13-14 years, randomly selected from grade 8 in nine schools in inner-city Kingston, Jamaica. Girls who were anaemic, sexually active or aggressive had worse achievement levels. Better achievement levels were associated with possession of school materials and access to reading material outside of school. Poor attendance, early sexual activity, and not living with both parents predicted school dropout in the subsequent year. Strategies to reduce anaemia, to improve sex education and reduce the levels of aggression may benefit school performance.