PubMed · 5536138
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J H Perrin, P Idsvoog. 1970. Extrinsic optical activity from a micellar solution.. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600591041
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The thermodynamic consequences of interactions of native bovine serum albumin (BSA) with two smaller solutes (glycine betaine or urea) in aqueous solution are characterized by a novel application of vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), which demonstrates the utility of this method of investigating preferential interactions involving solutes that are either accumulated or excluded near the surface of a protein. From VPO measurements of osmolality (water activity) as a function of the solute concentration in the presence and absence of BSA, we determine the dependence of the solute molarity (C3) on that of BSA (C2) at fixed temperature (37 degrees C), pressure (approximately 1 atm), and osmolality (over the range 0-1.6 molal). After some thermodynamic transformations, these results yield values of [formula: see text] which characterizes the interdependence of solute molalities when temperature, pressure, and the chemical potential of solute 3 are fixed. This form of the preferential interaction coefficient can be interpreted directly in terms of the molecular exclusion or accumulation of the solute (relative to water) near the protein surface. Within experimental uncertainty, [formula: see text] is proportional to m3 both for glycine betaine (0-0.9 m) and for urea (0-1.6 m). For glycine betaine [formula: see text] = -49 +/- 4, a value consistent with the interpretation that this solute is completely excluded from the hydrated surface of BSA, whereas for urea [formula: see text] = 6 +/- 1, which indicates a moderate extent of accumulation at the surface of native BSA. The preferential accumulation of solutes (e.g., urea) that have some binding affinity for a protein can be quantified and interpreted using the two-domain model if the extent of hydration of the protein has been determined using a completely excluded solute (e.g., glycine betaine). Complete exclusion from the local hydration domain surrounding proteins, if general, justifies the use of glycine betaine as a thermodynamic probe of the changes in hydration that accompany protein folding, protein association, and protein-ligand binding interactions.
The mammalian p34cdc2 protein kinase, a universal cell cycle regulator, complements cdc2/CDC28 temperature-sensitive mutations in yeasts. We report the biochemical characterisation of two substitutions of human cdc2 at lysine 33, a residue involved in nucleotide binding, that differently alter the fission yeast cell cycle. K33A-hscdc2 and K33R-hscdc2 mutants are both catalytically inactive, but overexpression of K33R-cdc2 is lethal while K33A-cdc2 is not. We show that human K33R-cdc2 acts as a dominant negative allele that associates yeast cdc13/cyclinB and therefore renders endogeneous Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2 unactivatable. These results are discussed on the light of the molecular modeling of the mutants in the cdc2 model structure.
Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia (HCY) is caused either by genetic or nongenetic defect(s), and the clinical severity of HCY is correlated with the biochemical abnormality. Treatment of HCY is approached on the basis of its etiology and severity of defect. The preferred method of treatment for genetic HCY is activation of mutant enzyme activity with the cofactor or the precursor of cofactor. If HCY does not respond to this treatment, pharmacological doses of betaine or folic acid should be used to enhance the alternative pathway of homocysteine turnover. Phenotypic expression of minor genetic defects, such as heterozygous cystathionine synthase deficiency and thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) can be amplified or masked by nongenetic (nutritional) factor(s). Hence, supplementation of folic acid, vitamin B-12, pyridoxine and choline to maintain their serum concentrations above low normal range may satisfactorily prevent the development of moderate HCY due to a minor genetic defect.