PubMed · 5628948
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1967-12-31. [Rabies].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5628948/
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Single-locus disorders in domesticated animals were among the first Mendelian traits to be documented after the rediscovery of Mendelism, and to be included in early linkage maps. The use of linkage maps and (increasingly) comparative genomics has been central to the identification of the causative gene for single-locus disorders of considerable practical importance. The 'score-card' in domestic animals is now more than 100 disorders for which the molecular lesion has been identified and hence for which a DNA test is available. Because of the limited lifespan of any such test, a cost-effective and hence popular means of protecting the intellectual property inherent in a DNA test is not to publish the discovery. While understandable, this practice creates a disconcerting precedent. For multifactorial disorders that are scored on an all-or-none basis or into many classes, the effectiveness of control schemes could be greatly enhanced by selection on estimated breeding values for liability. Genetic variation for resistance to pathogens and parasites is ubiquitous. Selection for resistance can therefore be successful. Because of the technical and welfare challenges inherent in the requirement to expose animals to pathogens or parasites in order to be able to select for resistance, there is a very active search for DNA markers for resistance. The first practical fruits of this research were seen in 2002, with the launch of a national scrapie control programme in the UK.
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The complexity and uncertainty of diagnostic information makes the diagnostic process difficult to learn, teach, and practice. Fuzzy logic methods, used successfully with complex industrial control problems, may be appropriate to model the range of uncertainties found in medical diagnostic information. A fuzzy systems model for use with diagnostic and other medical decisions is described. Combining a state space view of an animal in which each dimension of the space represents a variable of the animal with a fuzzy sets representation of the variables and states of the animal leads to a fuzzy systems model, which can be used to successfully diagnose disease. Partitioning the multidimensional state space of the animal into healthy and specific disease regions provides a diagnostic space for evaluating the health of the animal. When an input vector representing the variables of a sick animal is entered into the system, the model can provide a diagnosis and, potentially, a prognosis for that animal. The model can be implemented on a desktop computer for convenient use, and it provides a helpful geometric interpretation of the concepts of "diagnosis" and "prognosis" for teaching diagnostic reasoning. The fuzzy systems approach has advantages that are unavailable in other methods. The capability of fuzzy systems to act as universal approximators allows them to accommodate complex, nonlinear, imprecise, and even conflicting relationships to provide accurate knowledge representation. With these advantages over standard rule-based methods of modeling the medical diagnostic process, fuzzy expert systems have broad potential for use in medicine and warrant further study to determine their application and possible limitations.