PubMed · 5713405
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G P da Cruz. [Simplified occlusor].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5713405/
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We refined scanning probe force microscopy to improve the sensitivity of force detection and control of probe position. Force sensitivity was increased by incorporating a cantilever with very low stiffness, 0.1 pN/ nm, which is over 1000-fold more flexible than is typically used in conventional atomic force microscopy. Thermal bending motions of the cantilever were reduced to less than 1 nm by exerting feed-back positioning with laser radiation pressure. The system was tested by measuring electrostatic repulsive forces or hydrophobic attractive forces in aqueous solutions. Subpiconewton intermolecular forces were resolved at controlled gaps in the nanometer range between the probe and a material surface. These levels of force and position sensitivity meet the requirements needed for future investigations of intermolecular forces between biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA.
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BACKGROUND: The development of antireflection films 50 years ago was based on interference of light waves. Antireflection films have broad ophthalmic applications by increasing transmittance and decreasing reflection as a function of wavelength and polarization. Design considerations of thin films are enormous, as are the rigors of successful film production. METHODS: A computer search of optometric and ophthalmologic databases produced very few pertinent references. Discussions with optical engineers led to extensive publications in optical engineering journals and texts. RESULTS: Literature search and interviews with optical engineers provided the historical development, design, and production considerations of optical antireflection coatings. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmic thin-film antireflection coatings have a long but unknown development. Many design and production parameters must be considered in producing effective, long-lived ophthalmic coatings, which do offer significant improvement in optical performance.