PubMed · 5814781
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C Dostálek. 1969. [Retrograde conditioned reflexes].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5814781/
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Two methods are presented for the data analysis of signals derived by subtracting conditioned from control reflex data in full-wave rectified and averaged electromyographic (EMG) signals. The first method uses the ratios of the mean amplitudes and standard errors of the mean (S.E.M.s) (i.e. Student's t values) of a series of data points in such a difference signal, and deals with the detection of latencies of reflex components which are susceptible to a conditioning stimulus or experimental situation. The second method applies a modified cumulative sum (CUSUM) technique to full-wave rectified difference signals. This modified CUSUM technique determines the magnitude of the effects of the conditioning situation above that expected due to chance fluctuations, taking into account the effect of reflex modulations on such chance fluctuations in a post-stimulus period. The modified CUSUM technique proved particularly useful when various subtle but consistent, opposing changes occurred sequentially in the conditioned series thus yielding a complicated pattern of effects in a difference signal, with a low signal-to-noise ratio.
This article describes the pioneer research of Jerzy Konorski on voluntary motor conditioned reflexes type II (CRIIs or instrumental CRs). Some of his publications on topics such as four varieties of CRIIs, switching, and ability of transformation (plasticity) of CRIIs are briefly summarized. Konorski's theoretical views including criticism of some of Pavlov's interpretations are also presented. A few events connected to Konorski's scientific activities are mentioned.
The case of a 63-year-old woman who suffered bilateral ischemic damage in the region of blood supply of the paramedian thalamic arteries is reported. She displayed severe deficits on immediate and delayed recall of both verbal and visuospatial material in the presence of intact IQ and attentional abilities. Performance on tests of all major components of nondeclarative memory (skill acquisition, perceptual priming, classical conditioning) was also preserved. The present report, thus, provides a further example for dissociations of declarative and nondeclarative memory functions following bilateral thalamic damage.