PubMed · 5992771
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R Fesneau. 1966. [Crushing].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5992771/
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BACKGROUND: A comprehensive surveillance system for occupational injuries to adolescents does not exist in Texas, as in most states. Therefore, the magnitude, severity, nature, and source of injuries to working adolescents have not been well described in Texas. METHODS: The investigators used three data sources to investigate work-related injuries and deaths in Texas: (1) Texas Workers' Compensation Commission (TWCC) claims data from 1991 through April 1996; (2) 1993 TWCC/Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses; and (3) work-related fatalities identified from Texas death certificates from 1990-1995. RESULTS: There were 9,027 injuries reported to the TWCC for adolescents 14-17 years of age during slightly more than 5 years. Injuries for which indemnity payments were made (more than 7 days out of work) occurred among 21.7% of the adolescents. Based on BLS data in 1993, of 992 non-fatal injuries involving days away from work, 35% were caused by contact with objects, 27% by bodily reaction, and 24% by falls. Two-thirds of these injuries occurred while working in eating and drinking places and grocery stores. Three-quarters of the 30 deaths from 1990-1995 were accounted for equally by motor vehicle and homicide. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, a substantial number of adolescents are injured or killed in the workplace each year in Texas. Although improved population-based surveillance is needed, sufficient knowledge exists to begin prevention efforts now.
Most neurologists are familiar with biomechanics but may be unsure of the relevance of this field to their practice. Actually those involved in musculoskeletal problems are undoubtedly using biomechanical principles. This article is limited to the spine, but the basic principles of biomechanics are applicable to other parts of the body. In this article, we describe the spine and trunk as a biomechanical organ, the biomechanical principles behind back injuries and their importance, the role of biomechanical issues in pain, the utility of clinical tests based on biomechanical principles, the effects of aging, and the future directions in spine biomechanical research.
STUDY DESIGN: Five-year prospective cohort study of 1449 transit operators. OBJECTIVES: To investigate psychosocial job factors as predictors of work-related spinal injuries, controlling for current and past physical workload. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The association between psychosocial job factors and spinal disorders may be confounded by physical workload. A 1991 prospective study of Boeing workers found psychosocial but not physical factors to be associated with spinal injuries. However, data on physical workload were limited. Recent cross-sectional studies of transit drivers showed both physical and psychosocial factors to be independently associated with back and neck pain. This study was designed to test these findings prospectively. METHODS: Spinal injuries were ascertained from workers' compensation records, employment history from company records, and psychosocial factors from questionnaires. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, height, weight, vehicle type, and current and past physical workload. RESULTS: During follow-up, 320 drivers reported a first spinal injury. Spinal injury was predicted by psychological job demands (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-1.95); job dissatisfaction (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.23); and the frequency of job problems (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.02-2.26). Marginally significant associations were found for low supervisor support (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.99-1.72) and female gender (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.95-2.32). Compared with full-time work, part-time work was associated with a 2.7-fold reduced risk for spinal injury (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.93). Cable car crews performing the heaviest physical labor had a threefold increased risk of spinal injury compared with bus drivers (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.85-5.00). CONCLUSIONS: Physical workload and psychosocial job factors both independently predict spinal injury in transit vehicle operators.