PubMed HealthSearch

PubMed · 625506

Spatial play.

Abstract

More than sharpening our tools or making them sterile, our task in psychotherapy and analysis is to enliven them, find in them the organic, the animate, and the fecund. For our tools are formed of language, more like living nets than like knives, dies, taps, or templates, and our familiary with them might as well be a marriage of love as one of convenience. One's own onymy (Forrest, 1973) of words and phrases that seem to be one's property and private treasury will include, in the case of a doctor who uses words, several such verbal tools that have acquired greater frequency of use and richer and deeper meanings with experience. For me the word play in its affinity for very spatial senses has grown increasingly helpful in meeting both the practical demands of therapeutic communication and the personal need to maintain theoretical structures to support therapeutic work. I wish here to explore the concept of play--contributions to its definition, its developmental stages, applications of play, and its extended properties.

Explore related subjects

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

D V Forrest. 1978. Spatial play.. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1978.11023955

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

Cognitive development of Yu-Cheng ("oil disease") children prenatally exposed to heat-degraded PCBs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cognitive development in Taiwanese children who had been exposed prenatally to high levels of heat-degraded polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with control children who were exposed to background levels. The disorder was called Yu-Cheng, "oil disease," in Taiwan. DESIGN: Matched-pair cohort study. SETTING: Communities in central Taiwan in which there had been a cooking-oil contamination and mass poisoning by heat-degraded PCBs in 1978 through 1979. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen children born between June 1978 and March 1985 during or after their mothers' consumption of contaminated rice oil; 118 children matched for age, sex, neighborhood, maternal age, and parental education and occupational class; and 15 older siblings of exposed children, born before the poisoning. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive development measured from 1985 through 1990 using the Chinese versions of the Stanford-Binet test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised, RESULTS: The exposed children scored approximately 5 points lower on the Stanford-Binet test at the ages of 4 and 5 years and approximately 5 points lower on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised, at the ages of 6 and 7 years. Children born up to 6 years after their mothers' exposure were as affected as children born within a year or two after exposure when examined at 6 and 7 years of age. Older siblings resembled the control children. CONCLUSION: Children prenatally exposed to heat-degraded PCBs had poorer cognitive development than their matched controls. The effect persisted in the children up to the age of 7 years, and children born long after the exposure were still affected.

Child Development

[Retarded motor and cognitive development of young children with severe kidney disorders].

OBJECTIVE: Medical and technical advances make it possible to treat young children with end-stage renal disease with far-reaching methods such as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and haemodialysis (HD). We investigated whether chronic renal failure has deleterious effects on motor function and cognitive development. SETTING: The pediatric dialysis centres of the university hospitals of Nijmegen, Utrecht and Rotterdam. DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: 18 patients (mean age 37 months) with chronic renal failure since infancy and 18 healthy children (mean age 35 months) as controls were assessed on cognitive and behavioural parameters. Nine patients and 17 control subjects were tested on their motor function. RESULTS: A significant delay (more than one SD) was found in the motor as well as in the cognitive development of the patient group. Within this group a large difference was noticed between patients under conservative treatment (n = 8; mean dev. index 92.0) and those under CAPD or HD treatment (n = 10; mean dev. index 72.4). CONCLUSION: Young dialysis patients are evidently at risk for developmental retardation. Monitoring this vulnerable group by developmental screening and intensive counselling of the parents is strongly recommended.

Child Development