PubMed · 6477159
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W B McGrath. 1984. Expectations: Part two. Saving face.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6477159/
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Multiple sets of empirical research findings on guilt are reviewed to evaluate the view that guilt should be understood as an essentially social phenomenon that happens between people as much as it happens inside them. Guilt appears to arise from interpersonal transactions (including transgressions and positive inequities) and to vary significantly with the interpersonal context. In particular, guilt patterns appear to be strongest, most common, and most consistent in the context of communal relationships, which are characterized by expectations of mutual concern. Guilt serves various relationship-enhancing functions, including motivating people to treat partners well and avoid transgressions, minimizing inequities and enabling less powerful partners to get their way, and redistributing emotional distress.
The management of post-traumatic stress disorder depends on the nature of the stress, the personality of the victim, and the clinical orientation of the therapist. Traumatic situations may be experienced by individuals or by groups, and may be isolated incidents (such as unexpected civil disasters) or continuing occupational hazards, such as are experienced by soldiers, firemen or police. The first concern of therapists, whatever their methods of treatment, is an understanding of the nature of the trauma, and of the inherent differences in each type. This paper seeks to identify such differences. Some general therapeutic principles are then suggested.