PubMed · 655868
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W B McGrath. 1978. Expectations.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/655868/
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Who is abnormal--who is sick? Illness is an abnormal state. Abnormal psychological states are manyfold and rich in variations. Therefore it is necessary to define what is insanity and what is personal problem, personal disorder, personal decompensation or only any form of suffering. The problem is important with regard to therapeutical and legal decisions.
To characterize patients with therapy-resistant essential hypertension (TR) from a psychosocial point of view, 29 hypertensives, filling specified criteria for TR in a hypertension clinic were selected out of 800 patients screened. A control group of patients with established, but well controlled hypertension, pair-wise matching study patients for age and gender was also selected. TR patients were predominantly of working-class origin (68 vs 19% P less than 0.001). They tended to be more obese (BMI 28.7 +/- 5.5 vs 26.9 +/- 3.9 ns). TR tended to report fewer important life events, and reported significantly fewer positive events from the last 10 year period P less than 0.05. According to the EAI, their ability to channel emotions, especially anger, was impaired (P less than 0.01). So was their instrumental handling of emotions such as anger and sorrow (P less than 0.05). They experienced less of joy, and even had a more negative attitude towards that emotion (P less than 0.05). When adjusted for social class this latter difference was not statistically significant. Their degree of global emotional differentiation was lower (P less than 0.05). In the ISSI interview they had low scores for availability of emotional attachment (P less than 0.01), and friendship (P less than 0.05), but not for social integration. To conclude, when compared to well controlled hypertensives, TR exhibited the pattern, which has been shown to characterize young, asymptomatic, hypertensives in comparison to healthy subjects. These results must not be overinterpreted due to the limited sample.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Laboratory research on behavior analysis proved to be useful in establishing principles of learning with many relevant applications for people. Early efforts in the applied behavior analysis area proved to be particularly successful with mentally retarded persons. Self-help skills received much of the earliest attention, but another area that became quite fruitful for study was dual diagnosis--mental health problems of mentally retarded individuals. This paper reviews some of the early works of Skinner and his colleagues and the implications of this work on the rapidly developing subdiscipline of dual diagnosis. Current status and future trends are discussed.