PubMed · 6660384
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V M Astakhov, S N Pernakov, M Khaĭnrikh. 1983. [A method determining placental area].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6660384/
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An anthropometric computed tomography scan study was undertaken to design femoral components in 86 knees (47 osteoarthritic Indians-21 men, 26 women) who matched standards suggested by the Indian Council of Medical Research, 1990. Patients were classified into 3 random groups based on anteroposterior diameter (<55 mm, 55-59 mm, >59 mm). Most Indian men (86.8%) could have the femoral component satisfactorily replaced by available designs. A statistically significant number of women (60.4%, P < .001) had femoral anteroposterior diameters smaller than the smallest available (55 mm) femoral component. Splaying in mediolateral dimension (> 10 mm) in a given anteroposterior size was noted in all 3 groups. This pilot study representative of the Indian population can be used to manufacture prosthetic inventories suitable for most of the Asian-Pacific population having smaller anthropometric measurements than Western populations.
BACKGROUND: Maternal zinc supplementation has been suggested as a potential intervention to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in developing countries. To date, placebo-controlled trials have all been performed in industrialized countries and the results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether zinc supplementation in Bangladeshi urban poor during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy was associated with pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 559 women from Dhaka slums, stratified by parity between 12 and 16 wk of gestation, were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg elemental Zn/d (n = 269) or placebo (n = 290). Supplementation continued until delivery. Serum zinc was estimated at baseline and at 7 mo of gestation. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and anthropometric measurements were made monthly. Weight, length, and gestational ages of 410 singleton newborns were measured within 72 h of birth. RESULTS: At 7 mo of gestation, serum zinc concentrations tended to be higher in the zinc-supplemented group than in the placebo group (15.9 +/- 4.4 compared with 15.2 +/- 4.3 micromol/L). No significant effect of treatment was observed on infant birth weight (2513 +/- 390 compared with 2554 +/- 393 g; NS) or on gestational age, infant length, or head, chest, or midupper arm circumference. The incidence and distribution of low birth weight, prematurity, and smallness for gestational age also did not differ significantly after zinc supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with 30 mg elemental Zn during the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy did not improve birth outcome in Bangladeshi urban poor. These results indicate that interventions with zinc supplementation alone are unlikely to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in Bangladesh.
BACKGROUND: Rural Gambian children have poor growth, delayed puberty, a low bone mineral content, and a low calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of a calcium supplement on bone mineral accretion in rural Gambian children. DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 160 children (80 boys, 80 girls) aged 8.3-11.9 y. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and BMC adjusted for bone width, body weight, and height (size-adjusted BMC) were measured at the midshaft and distal radius. Each child received either 1000 mg Ca/d (as calcium carbonate) or a placebo 5 d/wk for 12 mo. Supplementation increased calcium intake from 342 to 1056 mg/d (8.6 to 26.4 mmol/d). RESULTS: Calcium supplementation resulted in a higher BMC, BMD, and size-adjusted BMC (&xmacr; difference +/- SE): midshaft radius-BMC (3.0 +/- 1.4%; P = 0.034), BMD (4.5 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001), and size-adjusted BMC (4.6 +/- 0.9%; P </= 0.0001); distal radius-BMC (8. 4 +/- 3.2%; P = 0.009), BMD (7.0 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.011), and size-adjusted BMC (5.5 +/- 2.7%; P = 0.042). Supplementation had no significant effect on height, weight, or bone width at the midshaft radius or distal radius. At the end of the study, the calcium group had a significantly lower mean plasma osteocalcin concentration than the placebo group after adjustment for baseline concentration, sex, and pubertal status (-21.9 +/- 6.5%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased calcium intake resulted in increased bone mineral status, possibly in association with a decreased bone remodeling space. Further studies are needed to determine whether an increased calcium intake has long-term benefits in Gambian children.