PubMed · 6823177
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F S Herzon. 1983. Nasal ciliary structural pathology.. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-198301000-00012
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Yeasts are beneficial microorganisms for human society and are utilized for academic and industrial purposes. For academic purposes, S. cerevisiae is a well-investigated model for studying eukaryotic cellular processes. For industrial purposes, S. pastorianus, which has a hybrid genome of S. cerevisiae and S. eubayanus, has been served for lager beer production. During fermentation, S. pastorianus produces ~7% of EtOH, which induces plasma membrane (PM)/cell wall stress in yeast. Therefore, S. pastorianus may experience PM stress and adapt to the self-forming environment during fermentation. However, how yeast adapts to PM stress remains unclear. Here, we investigated the temporal cellular responses of S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus during adaptation to PM stresses by time-resolved mRNA-seq analysis. Our data showed different transcriptional phenotypes between S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus during adaptation. The results may reflect the distinct nature of the two yeasts that have evolved in different nutritional environments. The dataset presented here would provide a promising resource for studying the characteristic nature of these differentially domesticated yeasts upon PM stresses.
Voltage-activated and spontaneous chloride-channel activity was studied in melanoma cell-line A2058 by patch-clamp technique. Whole-cell and inside-out patch recordings carried out with leak subtraction show voltage-activated chloride-conductance. In addition, a large leak-type conductance typical of epithelial cells was found in whole-cell experiments. This current was carried mostly by chloride-ions but also a leak-type potassium conductance was found showing KCl fluxes to be possible. Cell-attached and inside-out patch recordings showed at least two types of spontaneous chloride-channel activity. Bursting, flickering-type channels were found only in cell-attached recordings. That led to the conclusion that some intracellular factors are needed for that kind of activity. A second spontaneous, 30 pS chloride-channel with slow kinetics was found both in cell-attached and inside-out patch configuration. A voltage-activated chloride-channel found had a conductance of approximately 25 pS. In our experiments these channels did not need external calcium for activation. Voltage ramp recordings in cell-attached configuration gives the intracellular chloride concentration of 163 mM on the basis of chloride reversal potential (extracellular 146 mM in our experiments). Intracellular chloride concentration thus seems to be maintained slightly higher than the extracellular one.
The role of Trp and Tyr residues in determining membrane protein structure is particularly interesting because indole and phenol structures combine hydrophobic and polar groups, and it is hard to predict the exact region of the membrane at which their energy would be at a minimum. To determine the depths intrinsically favored by these residues, the locations of membrane-associating Trp and Tyr analogs have been determined using a fluorescence quenching technique able to measure depth at high resolution. They are found to locate at the same depths as Trp and Tyr in membrane proteins, 14-15 A from the bilayer center, which implies an important role for these residues in aligning membrane proteins in precise relationship to the lipid bilayer.