PubMed · 7095761
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L B Kalinowsky. 1982. ECT: underused and misunderstood.. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.33.6.425
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Using sequential analysis, the authors examined how therapists' actions related to the verbal disclosure and defensive patterns that followed therapists' interventions within a single therapy hour for 20 patients. At the same time, a new measure, the Psychodynamic Intervention Rating Scale (PIRS), was tested for reliability and construct validity. Results indicated that therapists fit their styles of intervention to patients' levels of distress and functioning. Within the session, patient's emotional elaboration was followed by therapist's defense interpretation, followed by more patient emotional elaboration. Patient elaboration of significance was followed by more transference interpretation, followed by more patient elaboration of significance. Noninterpretive interventions were followed by patient's disclosure of facts, not emotion. Both interpretive intervention process sequences and therapist's use of support predicted posttreatment symptom reduction. The PIRS was shown to have satisfactory reliability and construct validity.
DEFINITION: The psychological traits characteristic of an individual define that person's personality. A personality disorder is considered to exist when it causes the person or his/her family or friends to suffer. Personality disorders are often associated with a state of depression, aggravating or prolonging it. FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS: Histrionic, paranoid, obsessional and psychopathic personalities are the most well known types of personality disorders, but dependent and borderline personalities should not be overlooked. Cognitive and behavioral therapies are particularly useful in this field of health care.