PubMed · 7155322
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J C Arfouilloux. [Depression and separation].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7155322/
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of traits of separation anxiety disorder in boys referred clinically for gender identity disorder. METHOD: One hundred fifteen boys were referred to a specialty clinic for concerns about their gender identity development. They were divided into two subgroups: one group met the complete diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder; the other group did not meet the complete diagnostic criteria. The mothers of the boys were administered a structured interview schedule pertaining to separation anxiety disorder according to DSM-III criteria. RESULTS: A conservative definition of separation anxiety disorder showed no significant association with gender identity disorder; however, a liberal definition of separation anxiety disorder showed that it occurred significantly more often in the subgroup of boys who met the complete criteria for gender identity disorder than in the subgroup who did not meet the complete criteria (64.4% versus 38.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Boys with gender identity disorder show a high rate of co-occurring traits of separation anxiety. Reasons for this linkage require additional empirical study.
OBJECTIVE: This article describes the clinical and theoretical significance of intolerance of aloneness for patients with borderline personality disorder. It is intended to make their treatment more effective and less burdensome. METHOD: Clinical observations from the author's more than 9,000 hours of psychotherapeutic work and 500 psychotherapy consultations with borderline patients are synthesized with findings of relevant empirical studies and attachment theory. RESULTS: Intolerance of aloneness is a deficit that is associated with the borderline patient's typical clinging and attention-seeking or detached forms of attachment. Suggestions are given for ways in which clinicians can respond to these dysfunctional attachment behaviors to diminish the patient's feared aloneness without encouraging unnecessary regressions. A framework for understanding the long-term attachment processes required to correct this deficit is offered. CONCLUSIONS: Intolerance of aloneness is a core deficit in borderline patients that can become less handicapping with reliable, but not excessive, responsiveness of the therapist.
Using play techniques, individual assessments were made of 50 preschool children from 47 Iranian refugee families living in Sweden, while their parents were interviewed about the children's exposure to violence and separation. Reenacting play involving war and persecution was performed by 19 of the children, most of them eyewitnesses to violence. The study demonstrated ways of obtaining information directly from young children to supplement parental reports.