PubMed · 7231423
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R C Scheerenberger. 1981. Deinstitutionalization: trends and difficulties.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7231423/
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This article summarizes the current requirements for a waiver of informed consent for emergency research and analyzes ethical issues that are involved. Researchers who intend to apply for a waiver of informed consent for emergency research must understand that they are asking for the major protector of human subjects, the informed consent process, to be removed. In its absence, other protections are required. These include communication with the community, family members, and others close to the patient. It is unlikely that even these additional protections can equal that afforded by an adequate consent process. With this understanding, investigators' actions must be in accordance with the highest ethical standards. It is therefore necessary for investigators to know the ethical implications of conducting controlled research without the subjects' consent.
Increased rates of HIV infection and risk-taking behaviors among incarcerated men and women make the fight against HIV within the prison and jail systems an especially critical issue in community health. Overcrowded conditions impact on the rotation of inmates in and out of the correctional system. This revolving door phenomenon has implications for disease prevention and control within the community into which the inmates are released. As more people pass in and out of jails and prisons, more problems and diseases associated with incarceration pass into the community. The special needs of the prison population must be taken into consideration not only by nurses but also by all health care workers and correctional officials when planning and implementing control and prevention strategies.
OBJECTIVES: This study examined the reach, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of a mass media-led smoking cessation campaign including television shows, a television clinic, a quit line, local group programs, and a comprehensive publicity campaign. METHODS: A random sample of baseline smokers (n = 1338) was interviewed before and after the campaign and at a 10-month follow-up. A nonpretested control group (n = 508) of baseline smokers was incorporated to control for test effects. RESULTS: Most smokers were aware of the campaign, although active participation rates were low. Dose-response relations between exposure and quitting were found. The follow-up point prevalence abstinence rate attributable to the campaign was estimated to be 4.5% after control for test effects and secular trends. The cost per long-term quitter was about $12. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of a massive rise in tobacco promotion expenditures prior to the campaign and the absence of governmental control over the media, the campaign under study may have increased normal cessation rates substantially.