PubMed · 7320264
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W E Wooldridge. 1981. Why?. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(81)80118-1
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PURPOSE: Traditionally, transperineal prostate brachytherapy has been heavily operator dependent. To overcome this limitation, a treatment planning method was developed for intraoperative planning, guidance, and evaluation. In this setting, reliability, speed, and ease of understanding are primary considerations. This planning method has been implemented for ultrasound guided implants of the prostate, but can be extended for use in other body sites. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The length and cross-section of the target (prostate) and location of urethra and rectum are determined intraoperatively from live ultrasound imaging. The planning program then automatically generates a "reference plan" containing needle locations, dwell times, and the resulting isodose distribution. As needles are placed, this information is corrected to account for any deviation of needle placement or movement of the prostate. Once all needles are in place, the normalization is adjusted to reconcile remaining hot-spots with coverage of the target volume. Optimization is performed in three separate stages. Each stage works to enhance only a subset of the implant parameters. (a) Pattern Optimization attempts to find the most appropriate placement for the needles or catheters. It is based on the transverse contour of the target volume. Needles are placed uniformly around the perimeter, and interior needle positions are determined from the cross-sectional area and shape. Critical structures such as the urethra are explicitly avoided. This step provides the overall framework for the implant, and is not generally repeated. (b) Relative Dwell Time Optimization selects relative dwell times that will give the best uniformity of dose. It works by setting the relative dwell time in each source position inversely proportional to the dose delivered to that point by the other source positions. It is used in the reference plan, and is repeated as each needle is inserted. This provides dosimetric feedback to the physician, who can judge the effect of deviations from the reference plan. (c) Relative Volume Optimization is an interactive method for fine tuning the normalization based upon volume analysis. The volume analysis is presented in tabular and graphical form, both being updated rapidly as the normalization is adjusted. The information is formatted to help the operator judge coverage and uniformity. Special functions are provided that allow the operator to "jump" to special normalization values based on several indices of uniformity or uniformity/coverage. RESULTS: This system overcomes some conventional brachytherapy limitations. Rather than depend on the operator's intuitive judgement of where the needles should be placed, a global plan is generated and validated with full dose calculations. Immediate feedback is provided concerning the adequacy of placement and avoidance of critical structures. This information is provided in terms of actual tissue doses to the target volume and critical structures using point doses, isodose distributions, and volume analysis. Since the new method was introduced in January 1994, 33 implants have been performed. The needle placement method has been reliable in the clinic, with different doctors producing similar results on subsequent fractions for the same patient. CONCLUSION: The method of decomposing the optimization problem into several simple steps is capable of rapidly, consistently, and reliably designing conformal treatment plans of high uniformity. Operator dependence has been significantly reduced. We are adapting the method for other anatomic sites.
PURPOSE: Fractionated high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy provides a number of technical advantages over conventional implant therapy in that (a) it can be carried out on an outpatient basis, (b) personnel exposure is reduced to insignificant levels, and (c) patient motion during irradiation is minimized, resulting in a more accurate delivery of the planned radiation dose distribution to the target and critical structures. The patient discomfort associated with the repeated applicator insertions and/or treatment setups can be alleviated to the extent that the setup time is held to a minimum. This work describes the use of a prototype digital simulator to obtain fast, high-quality digital images for rapid setup verification. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The digital imaging system of the prototype simulator consists of a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which views the x-ray image optically transmitted from a conventional phosphor screen. Treatment is carried out with a remote afterloading HDR unit immediately after setup verification with the patient on the simulator stretcher. The high-resolution digital images are processed and displayed in about 5 s, as opposed to a minimum of approximately 2 min for film. RESULTS: The imaging system has been evaluated for a variety of implant types, both intracavitary and interstitial. The digital radiographs provided permanent high-resolution images as required in most cases for precise applicator positioning. The gray scale manipulation capabilities were found to be useful for imaging in regions of different density, such as lung and soft tissue, in the same radiograph. The advantages of short image acquisition and display times were observed in all cases, but were most evident in the intraluminal procedures, which sometimes involved several pretreatment applicator adjustments at a time of considerable patient discomfort. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment imaging is necessary to fully exploit the technical advantages of HDR brachytherapy. High-quality digital radiography offers unique advantages in HDR setup and verification by providing fast high-resolution, undistorted images with software manipulation capabilities and permanent storage of images.
PURPOSE: The use of endobronchial brachytherapy in the treatment of lung cancer is increasing due to the more widespread availability of high dose rate afterloading equipment. The complications include small airway (segmental and small lobar bronchi) fibrosis, stenosis, and obstructive complications in addition to hemorrhage. A progressive reduction in the diameter of the bronchial lumen occurs at each division of the bronchial tree. If uniform dwell times along a bronchial catheter treatment length are used, this will result in higher doses being given to the bronchial mucosa in the distal part of the treatment volume where the brachytherapy source mucosa distances are smaller, and underdosage proximally, where the source mucosa distances are larger. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The known mathematical relationships of the sequential reductions in the diameter of the bronchial lumen have been incorporated into two methods of optimization, which have been compared to uniform dwell times along a treatment length from trachea to segmental bronchus. RESULTS: The resulting isodose plots are presented, and demonstrate the extent of the overdosage distally, and the underdosage proximally when using uniform dwell times, and the achievement of isoeffective mucosal doses when using differential dwell times. CONCLUSION: This refinement in brachytherapy technique offers the potential for reduced normal tissue complications and possibly improved tumor control by reducing overdosage and underdosage, respectively.