PubMed · 7388358
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1980-03-29. Ventricular defibrillation.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7388358/
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STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. OBJECTIVE: To examine the epidemiologic, physiologic, and biomechanical literature that has contributed to the suggested weight limit of 10 to 15% body weight for children's backpacks. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The majority of children use a backpack to transport their belongings to and from school on a daily basis; however, controversy exists over the safety of backpack use and backpack loads. METHODS: A thorough review of the literature was completed to examine the appropriateness of the suggested weight limits and to determine future areas of research needed to increase the safety of children's backpacks. RESULTS: Epidemiologic, physiologic, and biomechanical data support the suggested weight limit of 10% to 15% body weight. CONCLUSIONS.: Based on the current literature, the value of 10% to 15% body weight is a justified weight limit; however, further research is required to determine the association between backpack use and injury and how the factors of load, backpack design, and personal characteristics, such as physical fitness, interact and influence the adaptations required when carrying a backpack.
BACKGROUND: The measurement of energy intake in epidemiological studies is difficult. However, it is important that energy intake is assessed if epidemiological analyses are to correspond to isocaloric experiments. The aim of this study was to compare self-reported energy intake, physical activity, and body weight with energy expenditure measured by 4 days of heart rate monitoring with individual calibration of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. METHODS: Volunteer sub-study of 97 men and women (mean ages 54 and 51 years respectively) within the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study in Norfolk (UK). Dietary assessment of energy intake and physical activity was by self-report and weight was measured using standard techniques. Energy expenditure was assessed objectively by recording heart rate for 4 days following a calibration of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. RESULTS: Self-reported energy intake by 7-day diary (mean 8.5 MJ/day) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (mean 8.8 MJ/day) were significantly lower than objectively measured total energy expenditure (mean 11.2 MJ/day). The deattenuated partial correlations between total energy expenditure were 0.33 (7-day diary), 0.34 (FFQ), 0.50 (physical activity), and 0.56 (weight). Weight accounted for 31% (deattenuated) of the sum of squares about the mean of true energy intake after adjusting for age and sex. With the addition of self-reported physical activity, the model was significantly improved (R2 = 0.57). Adding energy either assessed by the diary or FFQ did not improve the model. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here indicate that to adjust for energy intake, for the purpose of replicating an isocaloric experiment in an observational epidemiological study, one would do considerably better adjusting for weight and physical activity, than adjusting for energy intake estimated from an FFQ.
OBJECTIVE: The study has been carried out through anthropometric measures of Bahian newborns, to define measures according with the reality of this region. METHOD: Study type transversal cut in term babies with the measures of cephalic perimeter, biauricular and anteroposterior distances, fontanel and cephalic index. RESULTS: 388 babies, 204 (52.6%) of males and 184 (47.4%) females had been evaluated. The cephalic perimeter varied between 31.0 and 38.0 cm, with 34.4 +/- 1.2 average. The cephalic index varied between 0.75 and 1.06, with 0.91 +/- 0.05 average. CONCLUSION: The anthropometric measures are surveyed aiming at precocious detention of anomalies. Possibly, these measures can be influenced by racial factors; however, the measures carried through in Brazil follow values of foreign authors. Thus, the study shows data of a Northeastern region and points out the importance of the accomplishment of multicentric studies.