PubMed · 7431255
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
R J Pethybridge. 1980. Data analysis I. Some statistical tests for small related samples.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7431255/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry can be used to measure T-cell responses to defined antigens. Although CD8+ T-cell responses to soluble proteins are inefficiently detected by this approach, peptides can be used as antigens. Using overlapping peptides spanning an entire protein sequence, CD8+ T-cell responses can be detected to multiple epitopes, regardless of HLA type. In this study, overlapping peptide mixes of various lengths were compared and 15 amino acid peptides with 11 amino acid overlaps were found to stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Such peptide mixes stimulated CD4+ T-cell responses equivalent to those observed with whole recombinant protein, while simultaneously stimulating CD8+ T-cell responses much higher than those observed with whole protein. Although 8-12 amino acid peptides produced the highest level of CD8+ T-cell responses, 15 amino acid peptides were still very effective. Peptides that were 20 amino acids in length, however, did not stimulate strong CD8+ T-cell responses at the same peptide dose. The cytokine responses to individual epitopes added up approximately to the response to the entire mix, demonstrating that large mixes can detect responses in a quantitative fashion. Unlike whole protein antigens, peptide mixes were effective at stimulating responses in both cryopreserved PBMC and blood stored for 24 h at room temperature. Thus, overlapping 15 amino acid peptide mixes may facilitate the analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses by cytokine flow cytometry, using clinical specimens that include shipped blood or cryopreserved PBMC.
Both epidemiological findings and clinical observations and have shaped our thinking as regards to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Epidemiological findings implicating environmental risk factors, including maternal dietary deficiency and urban birth place, suggest schizophrenia is a developmental disorder, whereas clinical observations gave rise to the "dopamine hypothesis." Epidemiological findings lead to complex multifactorial models, while clinical observations lead to more readily to testable, but not necessarily generalizable, hypotheses. Points where findings from these different approaches converge may provide us with new insights and points of departure. In this paper, clinical observations and epidemiological findings are presented which suggests that a subgroup of schizophrenics have abnormalities in phospholipid metabolism. Preliminary clinical trials involving administration of omega-3 fatty acids thus far appear to support this hypothesis.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.