PubMed · 7613449
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D C Evered. 1995-07-15. "Deadly experiments". UK's programme was open and ethical.. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6998.192b
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OBJECTIVES: Conventional extremity dose monitoring in nuclear medicine, using thermoluminescent dosimeters, provides a convenient method of determining integral doses from a series of procedures. Although semiconductor extremity probes are able to add time information and allow doses from individual procedures to be determined, it can be difficult to relate individual operations to the dose-time curve. Solutions to this problem have been identified and developed. METHODS: A novel software tool (Extremity Dose Information Package, EDIP) has been developed that uniquely combines and synchronizes two audiovisual and extremity probe data-streams. The value of this extra information was assessed by acquiring audiovisual and extremity dose information in nuclear medicine and radiopharmacy settings. RESULTS: The ability of the software tool to synchronize audiovisual and dose data-streams was verified. Preliminary studies of handling techniques in radiopharmacy and radioiodine administrations using this tool showed areas in which techniques could be adapted to reduce extremity doses, which would have been difficult or impossible to identify using the dose-time information alone. CONCLUSIONS: This low-cost multimedia extremity dose monitoring package can be used, for example, to aid staff training and pinpoint issues with current operating procedures within a clinical nuclear medicine department. Its unique ability to combine and synchronize audiovisual and dosimetry data is also likely to be of benefit to other industries handling unsealed radioactive materials.
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In diagnostic nuclear medicine, model-derived effective dose estimates have been considered adequate for risk estimates for various patient groups. Average anthropomorphic models (normally MIRD models) and representative biokinetic models are used, with the main uncertainty being due to limited information on the biokinetics of the substance in representative groups of patients. In nuclear medicine therapy it is necessary to make patient-specific absorbed dose estimates, especially to dose-limiting risk organs and to the tumor tissue. Together with information on the time-activity curve (which may differ for the low test activity and the high therapeutic activity) in different organs and tissues, there is a need for detailed anatomical information, normally collected through CT- and/or MR-imaging through the body volumes of interest. The wish to get the radionuclide localized in the tumor cells and preferentially in the cell nuclei makes it essential to consider the increased biological effect resulting from the nonuniform distribution of the absorbed energy in tumors as well as in dose-limiting organs such as bone marrow, liver, and kidneys. The situation in occupational and environmental internal dosimetry resembles that of diagnostic nuclear medicine. However, biokinetic models derived for the former purposes are often constructed for relatively long-lived isotopes, and cannot be used for the short-lived isotopes of the same element, which are used in diagnostic nuclear medicine. Similarities and differences in objectives and methods for dosimetry in the different areas are discussed.