PubMed · 7620522
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1995-06-09. Small round structured viruses (SRSV): numbers are increasing.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7620522/
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Between January 2001 and December 2003, stool specimens from 262 (45%) of 581 reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis were investigated for noroviruses in Hungary. Specimens collected from outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis were examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay. In 253 (97%) of 262 outbreaks, norovirus was detected and confirmed by sequencing in 211 (81%). Hospitals (35%), day care centers (30%), and elderly homes (27%) were the most common settings. Diversity and frequency of the genotypes changed over time but with predominance (95%) of genogroup (GG) II strains. Strains grouped into 11 genotypes including an epidemic spread of new-variant GGII4 (Lordsdale virus) and a recently emerged group of natural recombinant strains (GGIIb/Hilversum polymerase) with four capsid types (Hawaii, Mexico, Snow Mountain, and Lordsdale). Clusters of epidemics including food-borne outbreaks were detected. According to this study, noroviruses are the predominant etiological agents causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary.
To determine the frequency of sporadic community-acquired Norovirus (NV) infection in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, an evaluation of gastroenteritis cases seen in physicians' practices between July 2001 and July 2003 was conducted. A total of 699 stool specimens documented to be free of common bacterial pathogens was screened for the presence of NV by RT-PCR. NV was detected in 125 (17.9%) of these specimens. In the seasonal analysis, the highest rate of NV-positive samples (38.3%) was found between January and March 2002. After July 2002, the study was expanded to additionally test for NV in stool samples containing a known bacterial pathogen. Among 132 such specimens, NV was detected in only one. This suggests that NV mixed-infections are playing a marginal role in Switzerland.