PubMed · 7642774
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R Jain, S Sawhney, D Bhargava, M Berry. 1995. Gallbladder tuberculosis: sonographic appearance.. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870230511
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OBJECTIVE: Two routine lung SPECT studies showed what appeared to be uptake within the gallbladder. This finding was confirmed on coronal views and three-dimensional reconstruction. There was no contamination or problem with the radiopharmaceutical quality control. The patients had not had any prior nuclear procedures. Gallbladder visualization on routine lung imaging has not been previously observed. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the incidence of gallbladder uptake and to determine a possible mechanism. METHODS: Fifty-four patients referred for routine lung perfusion imaging were examined. At the end of the lung imaging, an anterior and/or right lateral 3-5 minute view of the abdomen was obtained. Patients too ill for additional imaging or those with prior cholecystectomies were excluded. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 54 patients showed activity within the gallbladder. Activity within the gut, kidneys, and urinary bladder also were observed. CONCLUSION: Gallbladder activity after Tc-99m macroaggregated albumin injection for lung perfusion studies, is a fairly common finding.
The distributions of nerve cells and fibres that are immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been investigated in the human gall-bladder. In addition, the colocalization of NOS immunoreactivity (IR) with neuropeptide Y (NPY), pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-IR was determined. Nitric oxide synthase-IR nerve cell bodies comprised 13 and 30% of nerve cells in ganglia of the fibromuscular and subepithelial layers, respectively. To determine these percentages, neuron-specific enolase-IR was used as a marker for all nerve cells. Although SOM- and VIP-IR nerve cell bodies were found in both ganglia, they rarely contained NOS-IR. In the fibromuscular layer, NOS-IR nerve fibres were abundant and most PACAP-, SOM- and VIP-IR fibres and many NPY-IR fibres were also NOS positive. No colocalization was observed between NOS- and SP- or TH-IR. In the mucosal layer, moderate numbers of NOS-IR fibres were found and the degree of colocalization of NOS-IR with each of NPY-, PACAP-, SOM-, SP- and VIP-IR were as follows: PACAP and NPY > VIP > SOM and SP. Nitric oxide synthase and TH were not colocalized in mucosal fibres. These results suggest that nerve fibres in the fibromuscular layer in the human gall-bladder with the chemical coding NOS/NPY/PACAP/SOM/VIP are axons of inhibitory motor neurons. Nitric oxide synthase-IR fibres in the mucosal layer that contained NPY, PACAP, SOM, SP and VIP with various degrees of colocalization probably contribute to the control of epithelial secretion or absorption.
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