PubMed · 7928597
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B Lautner. 1994-07-15. Is compounding compatible with quality assurance programs?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7928597/
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We have investigated the cAMP level increased by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in cat visual cortex during development. The cAMP level increases activated by the general mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentane-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) were closely correlated with the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in both light- and dark-reared animals. Activation of either group I or group II mGluRs increased the cAMP level. Group II mGluR activation also reduced the forskolin-stimulated cAMP increase. The correlation was emulated by a mixture of groups I, II, and III mGluR agonists but not by agonists applied singly; therefore, the correlation is attributable to activation of multiple groups of mGluRs. The cAMP level increased by the mixture was greater than the sum of the increases produced by the agonists applied singly (super-additive effect), suggesting an interaction between the G-proteins and/or second messengers controlled by these mGluRs. The basal cAMP level also correlated closely with the critical period until shortly after the peak of the critical period. Therefore, the major factor that contributes to the correlation between the ACPD-stimulated cAMP increase and the peak of the critical period is the basal level of cAMP: the activation of multiple mGluRs amplifies the basal cAMP. We suggest that both basal activity of cAMP production and activation of mGluRs may be important in plasticity in the visual cortex.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with high mortality rates attributable to respiratory tract problems in female calves prior to weaning. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 1,685 dairies. PROCEDURE: Dairies that had > or = 3 female calves that were born by a herd member or purchased during a 3-month period were classified into operations with high or low mortality rates attributable to respiratory tract problems in female calves prior to weaning. Step-wise logistic regression was used to identify management practices associated with high mortality rates caused by respiratory tract problems. RESULTS: 1,363 of 47,057 (2.9%) calves died of respiratory tract problems during a 3-month period. Management variables associated with high mortality rates caused by respiratory tract problems were housing of > or = 7 calves in a group and rolling herd average for milk production of < or = 9,072 kg. Also, dairies located in the West or Southeast had higher mortality rates. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Dairy operators that house calves in large groups prior to weaning may need to pay close attention to respiratory tract illness in their calves. Herds with high milk production have lower mortality from respiratory tract illness than herds with low milk production. Dairies in the West and Southeast have higher mortality attributable to respiratory tract problems than dairies in other regions of the country.