PubMed · 8004189
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I Manfield, P G Stockley. 1994. Ethylation interference.. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-256-6%3A125
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The ligands of tubulin have proved to be excellent probes for the conformation of the tubulin molecule. The most varied in their effects on tubulin are those ligands which are competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of vinblastine binding. The 4(H)-pyrizinone derivative 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-chloro- 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-6-phenyl-4(1H)-pyridinone [sequence: see text] (IKP104) is a novel antimitotic drug which inhibits microtubule assembly in vitro and in vivo and polymerizes tubulin into spiral filaments. Using a fluorescence assay, we found that IKP104 appears to bind to tubulin at two classes of site, differing in affinity. IKP104 also blocks formation of an intrachain cross-link in beta-tubulin, induced by N,N"-ethylenebis(iodoacetamide), linking Cys12 to either Cys201 or Cys211. IKP104 appears to belong to that group of tubulin ligands which includes vinblastine, maytansine, rhizoxin, phomopsin A, dolastatin 10, and halichondrin B. An unusual effect of IKP104 is that it greatly enhances the decay or apparent unfolding or opening of the tubulin molecule. The sulfhydryl titer of tubulin is doubled and the exposure of hydrophobic areas on the tubulin molecule is tripled by IKP104. These effects of IKP104 are counteracted by vinblastine, maytansine, and phomopsin A, suggesting that IKP104 may be competing with these other drugs for binding to tubulin. However, the effects are also counteracted by colchicine and podophyllotoxin, implying a more complex effect, namely, that IKP104 and colchicine, even when both are bound to tubulin, are competing for their effects on the same domain of tubulin. Surprisingly, when IKP104 is used in conjunction with colchicine, binding of colchicine to tubulin is strongly stabilized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The formation of a stabilized structure during oxidative protein folding can severely retard disulfide formation if the structure must be disrupted to gain access to buried cysteines. These kinetic traps can slow protein folding and disulfide bond formation to the extent that unassisted folding is too slow to be kinetically competent in the cell. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) facilitates the oxidation of a kinetically trapped state of RTEM-1 beta-lactamase in which two cysteines that form the single disulfide bond in the native protein are buried and approximately 500-fold less reactive than exposed cysteines. Under second-order conditions, PDI-dependent oxidation of reduced, folded beta-lactamase is 500-fold faster than GSSG-dependent oxidation. The rate difference observed between PDI and GSSG can be accounted for by the 520-fold higher kinetic reactivity of PDI as an oxidant. Noncovalent interactions between PDI (35 microM) and beta-lactamase increase the reactivity or unfolding of beta-lactamase in the steady-state by less than 3-fold. At high concentrations of PDI or alkylating agents, the reaction of beta-lactamase cysteines approaches a constant rate, limited by the spontaneous unfolding of the protein (kunfold = 0.024 +/- 0.005 min-1). PDI does not substantially increase the rate of beta-lactamase unfolding; however, once beta-lactamase spontaneously unfolds, PDI at concentrations greater than 44 +/- 4 microM, oxidizes the unfolded substrate before it can refold (kfold = 1.5 +/- 0.2 min-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Potential DNA contacts involved in the specific interaction between the Escherichia coli MutY protein and a 40-mer oligonucleotide containing an A/G mismatch have been examined by alkylation interference techniques. Ethylation interference patterns suggest that more than five phosphates are involved in electrostatic interactions between MutY and DNA. Interestingly, MutY has more contacts on the G-strand than on the A-strand. Methylation at both the N-7 position of the mismatched G and the N-3 position of the mispaired A interfere with MutY binding. In addition to these mismatched bases, MutY also contacts purines on both sides of the mismatch. Binding and endonuclease activities of MutY were assayed with 20-mer oligonucleotides containing A/G, A/C, A/7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine (A/GO), A/inosine (A/I), A/2-aminopurine (A/2AP), nebularine/G (N/G), inosine/G (I/G), 2AP/G, and 7-deaza-adenosine/G (Z/G) mispairs. The C-8 keto group of GO in A/GO contributes to a much tighter binding but weaker endonuclease activity than is seen with A/G. Because A/I is not specifically well recognized by MutY, the 2-amino group of G in A/G is essential for recognition. The C-6 keto group present in A/G but absent in A/2AP is also important for recognition. The 6-amino group of adenine appears not to be required for either binding or endonuclease activity because N/G is as good a substrate as A/G. The 2AP/G mispair is bound and cleaved weaker than is the A/G mispair. Binding and endonuclease activities are abolished when the N-7 group of A is replaced by C-7 as in the Z/G mispair. When a C-6 keto group is present as in the I/G pair, its binding by MutY is as good as for A/G, but no endonuclease activity is observed. Taken together, our data suggest that DNA sequences proximal to and specific functional groups of mismatched bases are necessary for recognition and catalysis by MutY protein.