The ultimate biosensor.

J L Kiel

Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 8018071

The ultimate biosensor.

J L Kiel

View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The U.S. Air Force is concerned with the health and safety of personnel working with emitters of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, an understanding of basic mechanisms of interaction of this radiation with biosystems is essential. A nonresonance, nonclassical mechanism exists for interactions with biosystems under low energy (isothermal) field conditions. This mechanism is slow, or delayed, luminescence. Such a mechanism can form the basis for very sensitive biosensors naturally or artificially connected to metabolic and synthetic cellular processes.

Explore related subjects

Biosensing Techniques Electromagnetic Phenomena Fluorescence Humans Luminescent Measurements Radiation Monitoring Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

J L Kiel. 1994. The ultimate biosensor.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8018071/

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2026

From host response to genomic targets: electrochemical biosensing of tuberculosis biomarkers.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide, with timely diagnosis continuing to be a major challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. Conventional TB diagnostic methods are limited by low sensitivity, long turnaround times, and an inability to reliably differentiate latent from active disease. Biomarker-based diagnostic strategies have therefore gained increasing attention as they offer the potential to improve early detection, disease differentiation, and treatment monitoring. Herein, we examine electrochemical biosensing strategies for TB diagnostics using a biomarker-class-driven framework, covering host-response biomarkers (IFN-γ and TNF-α), pathogen-derived antigens (ESAT6, CFP10, CFP10-ESAT6, MPT64, Ag85, HspX and LpqH), cell-wall signatures and whole-cell markers (LAM and whole cell Mtb), and genomic markers (Mtb DNA and IS6110). Through structured comparison of recognition elements, biointerface designs, signal amplification strategies, electrochemical techniques, matrices, and validation levels, this review identifies the most promising technical approaches for different TB biomarker classes. It further highlights key translational bottlenecks, including limited clinical validation, buffer-based testing, complex multistep amplification, redox-probe dependence, matrix fouling, and insufficient evidence of manufacturability. This review therefore provides practical guidance for developing electrochemical TB biosensors that are analytically sensitive, clinically relevant, and suitable for decentralized diagnostic applications.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2026

Metal-organic frameworks nanozyme-integrated portable microneedle patch for visual bacterial monitoring in meat.

Foodborne microbial contamination is a major global health concern, with conventional methods often being time-consuming and complex. Herein, we developed a novel portable biosensor by integrating microneedle patch technology and a metal-organic framework (Fe/Cu-NBDC MOF) nanozyme, enabling rapid, on-site, visual detection of bacteria in meat. The sensing system works by encapsulating aptamer-functionalized MOF nanozymes within a hydrogel patch, where their catalytic sites are initially blocked by the aptamer. In the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as the target, the specific aptamer's binding to bacteria exposes numerous catalytic sites, further activating the chromogenic reaction of the tetramethylbenzidine‑hydrogen peroxide (TMB-H₂O₂) system, enabling visual detection of S. aureus. The biosensor demonstrates a detection limit of 82 CFU/mL with excellent specificity to successfully apply to commercial mutton. By integrating sampling, enrichment, and visual detection into a single compact device, this platform offers a practical, efficient solution for rapid on-site screening of foodborne pathogens.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed1996

Design of a stable charge transfer complex electrode for a third-generation amperometric glucose sensor.

A novel approach to prepare a stable charge transfer complex (CTC) electrode for the direct oxidation of flavoproteins and the fabrication of a third generation amperometric biosensor (Koopal, C.G.J.; Feiters, M.C.; Nolte, R.J.M. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1992, 29, 159-175) system is described. Tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ), an organic CTC, is grown at the surface of a shapable electroconductive (SEC) film (a polyanion-doped polypyrrole film) in such a way that it makes a tree-shaped crystal structure standing vertically on the surface. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is adsorbed and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to fix at the surface of the CTC structure. The space between crystals is filled with cross-linked gelatin to ensure the stability of the treelike crystal structure as well as the stability of the enzyme. Because of the close proximity and the favorable orientation of the enzyme at the CTC surface, the enzyme is directly oxidized at the crystal surface, which leads to a glucose sensor with remarkably improved performance. It works at a potential from 0.0 to 0.25 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The maximum current density at 0.25 V reaches 1.8 mA/cm2, with an extended linear range. The oxygen in the normal buffer solution has little effect on the sensor output. The current caused by interference contained in the physiological fluids is negligible. The working life as well as the shelf life of the sensor is substantially prolonged. The sensor was continuously used in a flow injection system with a continuous polarization at 0.1 V, and the samples (usually 10 mM glucose) were injected at 30 min intervals. After 100 days of continuous use, the current output dropped to 40% of the initial level. No change in the output of the sensor was observed over a year when the sensor was stored dry in a freezer. The electrochemical rate constants and the effective Michaelis constant of the system are reported.

Biosensing Techniques↗