PubMed · 8261903
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1993. [Parallel infusions. Tips for their use].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8261903/
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PURPOSE: The indirect ophthalmoscope presents a blue-light hazard with the potential for causing photochemical injury to the retina. In this study, this hazard was assessed with respect to the threshold limit values (TLVs) recently adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. METHOD: Spectral radiometric measurements were made from a standard indirect ophthalmoscope headset used in conjunction with either a clear or a yellow lens. The results were weighted spectrally with the published blue-light hazard function. RESULTS: When the clear lens was used, the TLV was exceeded after approximately 2.5 minutes. The yellow lens filtered out the more hazardous blue wavelengths of light and this increased the "safe" operating period by a factor of approximately 20. CONCLUSION: In clinical practice, with a clear lens, the TLV could be exceeded easily if the patient is subjected to prolonged or repeated examination because the blue-light hazard is additive in a linear manner for periods as long as 3 hours with a potential for a cumulative effect over longer periods. Furthermore, some ophthalmic patients, such as those with aphakia, are less tolerant of blue-light than healthy subjects. In the interests of patient safety, it is recommended that yellow lenses are considered for use for routine indirect ophthalmoscopy.
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We tested six anaesthetic vaporizers with keyed filler adaptors to see if it was possible to overfill them. For those vaporizers which could be overfilled, the maximum level of overfill was determined and the effect of overfilling on the vaporizer output concentration was measured. Three of the vaporizers, the TEC 4, PPV Mk 1 and MIE Vapamasta 5, could be overfilled. In the case of the TEC 4 and PPV vaporizers, overfilling by more than 100 ml caused a large increase in the vaporizer output concentration. Overfilling the Vapamasta 5 by this amount caused the output concentration to decrease.