PubMed · 8398778
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R Cook. Sun scream.. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.7.49.46.s55
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Capturing the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants in industrial parks remains challenging for regional air quality models because of their coarse resolution (3 km), resulting in uncertainties in local emission quantification. To address this, we developed the Integrated Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System for Industry (IAQMS-Industry), coupling the regional Nested Air Quality Prediction Modelling System (NAQPMS) with a city-scale chemical transport model. This framework integrates point-source locations and Gaussian plume dispersion to simulate particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) at 100 m resolution. Applied to the Beijing Yi Zhuang and Tangshan industrial parks and evaluated against observations. The coupled model achieved a normalized mean bias (NMB) ranging from 3.1 % to 6.2 %, improving upon NAQPMS (-16.9 % to -7.7 %). Spatial analysis revealed that coarse regional grids underestimated the PM2.5​ concentrations at industrial sites by smoothing gradients, whereas IAQMS-Industry successfully resolved spatial patterns. Industrial point emissions accounted for 22.9 %-26.4 % of PM2.5 in the coupled model, which was significantly greater than the regional model estimates of 1.6 %-13.7 %. These findings indicate that regional models overestimate pollutant dispersion processes in industrial parks while underestimating local industrial impacts. By explicitly resolving point-source dynamics and linking them to regional transport, IAQMS-Industry provides a robust tool for designing targeted emission controls in industrial cities and balancing local air quality improvements with minimized regional pollution outflow. This study underscores the necessity of multiscale modelling for accurate source apportionment and informed environmental governance in industrial zones.
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The effects of ozone (O3) on airway epithelia, inflammation, and expression of inflammatory stimuli were investigated to delineate the mechanisms of inflammatory reactions relevant to lung injury. Because the airway responses to O3 develop gradually, this investigation included a time-sequence analysis. Rats exposed for 3 h to 1 ppm O3 were studied at 4-h intervals up to 20 h postexposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was analyzed for albumin as an indicator of increased permeability, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to assess the inflammatory status, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2, an inflammatory chemokine), and cell adhesion molecules for their role in inflammation and PMN functions. The time-related increase in albumin was matched by a similar significant increase for PMNs, MIP-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). However, no marked change occurred for beta-2 integrin (CD-18) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). The results establish a temporal correlation of epithelial permeability with changes in inflammatory activity and stimuli responsible for PMN recruitment in the lung. The observations of elevated MIP-2 and ICAM-1 levels are consistent with their role in injury and inflammation. An early expression of MIP-2 mRNA in BAL cells, that is, immediately post O3 exposure, and the peak increase in BAL MIP-2 levels 4 h later support the chemotactic role of MIP-2 in PMN recruitment at 4- and 12-h time points. The rapid drop in MIP-2 and ICAM-1 levels appears to signal the termination of inflammatory cell recruitment, which is accompanied by an onset of recovery.