PubMed · 84136
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1979. Multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/84136/
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We investigated the DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex class II genes: HLA-DRB, -DQA, -DQB, DPA, -DPB, the serologically defined HLA-A, B, C, DR antigens, and the primed lymphocyte typing defined HLA-DP antigens in 23 Danish patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and in healthy Danes. The following genetic markers were found with increased frequencies in PBC: HLA-B8 (relative risk, RR = 2.4, P less than 0.05, 'corrected' P greater than 0.05), HLA-DR3 (RR = 3.4, P less than 0.01, 'corrected' P less than 0.05), the DRB3*01/02/03 (DRw52) associated DRB Bgl II 9.1 kilobase (kb) fragment (RR = 2.9; P less than 0.05, 'corrected' P greater than 0.05), the DQA1*0501 associated DQA Taq I 4.8 kb fragment (RR = 3.1; P less than 0.05, 'corrected' P greater than 0.05), the DQB1*0201 (DQw2) associated DQB Hin dIII 11.5 kb fragment (RR = 3.1; P less than 0.05, 'corrected' P greater than 0.05). No DNA fragments specific for DRB1*0301 (DR3) could be identified. The frequencies in PBC of other genetic markers including DRw8, DRB1*08, HLA-DP antigens, DPA, and DPB genes did not differ significantly from those in controls. The associations between PBC and B8, DR3, DQA1*0501, and DQB1*0201, which are frequently found together on the same haplotype, are at variance with recent reports on associations between PBC and Drw8. The discrepancy suggests that PBC is genetically heterogenous.
While previous tumor vaccine strategies have shown intriguing results, clearcut efficacy has been difficult to establish in human trials. Recently, newer approaches have been developed in animal systems that modify tumor cells genetically so that they express new antigens or secrete certain cytokines. Engineering tumor cells to secrete cytokines in a paracrine fashion can induce powerful local cytokine effects without producing significant systemic toxicity. In addition to local inflammation, this approach can alter the presentation of tumor antigen or activation of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocytes, resulting in systemic antitumor immunity.
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